Maternal and neonatal infections

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Tetanus in pregnancy and newborn

Africa

• Journal of Immunological Sciences
  • Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus Elimination (MNTE) in The WHO African Region [2018]

• Pan African Medical Journal
  • Progress towards achieving and maintaining maternal and neonatal tetanus elimination in the African region [2017]

• WHO African Region
  • Tetanus
  • Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus

Americas

• Pan American Health Organization
  • Neonatal tetanus elimination: fleld guide [2005]

Australia

• Department of Health, Disability and Ageing
  • Tetanus | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

Bangladesh

• PLoS ONE
  • A study of association between maternal tetanus toxoid immunization and neonatal mortality in the context of Bangladesh [2025]
  • Trends and determinants of taking tetanus toxoid vaccine among women during last pregnancy in Bangladesh: Country representative survey from 2006 to 2019 [2022]

Cambodia

• Medical Journal of Malaysia
  • Health services, pregnancy history and tetanus toxoid vaccination uptake among pregnant women in Cambodia [2021]

Canada

• Canadian Journal of Public Health
  • Epidemiology of tetanus in Canada, 1995-2019 [2023]

Chad

• Weekly Epidemiological Record
  • Validation of elimination of maternal and neonatal tetanus in Chad [2019]

China

• Scientific Reports
  • Provincial-level outcomes of China’s ‘Reducing maternal mortality and eliminating neonatal tetanus’ program [2020]

Côte d'Ivoire

• BMC Public Health
  • Antenatal visits are positively associated with uptake of tetanus toxoid and intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy in Ivory Coast [2019]

Democratic Republic of the Congo

• Weekly Epidemiological Record
  • Validation of maternal and neonatal tetanus elimination in the Democratic Republic of the Congo [2019]

East Africa

• BMC Public Health
  • Tetanus toxoid vaccination coverage and associated factors among pregnant women in East Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]

• PLoS ONE
  • Prevalence and risk factors associated with rural women's protected against tetanus in East Africa: Evidence from demographic and health surveys of ten East African countries [2022]

Ethiopia

• Archives of Public Health
  • Individual and community-level determinants of poor tetanus toxoid immunization among pregnant women in Ethiopia using data from 2016 Ethiopian demographic and health survey; multilevel analysis [2021]

• Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
  • Hotspot areas of tetanus-unprotected births and its associated factors in Ethiopia: Spatial analysis of EDHS data [2024]

• PLoS ONE
  • Determinants of births protected against neonatal tetanus in Ethiopia: A multilevel analysis using EDHS 2016 data [2020]

• Scientific Reports
  • Perinatal mortality and its association with antenatal care visit, maternal tetanus toxoid immunization and partograph utilization in Ethiopia: a meta-analysis [2021]

Gambia

• SAGE Open Medicine
  • Differentials in prevalence and correlates on uptake of tetanus toxoid and intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine during pregnancy: A community-based cross-sectional study in The Gambia [2022]

India

• WHO South-East Asia Region
  • Maternal and neonatal tetanus elimination (MNTE) post-validation assessment in India [2025]

International

• BMJ Paediatrics Open
  • Global analysis of tetanus incidence and mortality in children under 5 years: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 [2025]

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Progress Toward Achieving and Sustaining Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus Elimination — Worldwide, 2000–2022 [2024]

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • Eliminating Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus and Promoting Clean Delivery Practices Through Disposable Clean Birth Kits [2019]

• International Journal of Infectious Diseases
  • Global epidemiology and burden of tetanus from 1990 to 2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 [2023]

• Lancet
  • Maternal and neonatal tetanus [2015]

• Médecins Sans Frontières
  • Tetanus

• Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine
  • Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus Elimination: Where are We Now? [2021]

• Weekly Epidemiological Record
  • Progress towards maternal and neonatal tetanus elimination – worldwide, 2000–2018 [2020]

Latin America and the Caribbean

• Pan American Health Organization
  • Maternal and neonatal tetanus elimination in Latin America and the Caribbean. Field Guide [2024]

Low and middle income countries

• BMC Public Health
  • Sustaining Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus Elimination (MNTE) in countries that have been validated for elimination - progress and challenges [2022]
  • Interventions to reduce neonatal mortality from neonatal tetanus in low and middle income countries - a systematic review [2013]

• Frontiers in Global Women's Health
  • Determinants of tetanus immunization among pregnant women where tetanus has not been eliminated: a multilevel analysis of 6 countries [2025]

• Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
  • Number of tetanus toxoid injections before birth and associated factors among pregnant women in low and middle income countries: Negative binomial poisson regression [2024]

• Lancet Global Health
  • Progress and barriers towards maternal and neonatal tetanus elimination in the remaining 12 countries: a systematic review [2021]

• Vaccine
  • Vaccine implementation factors affecting maternal tetanus immunization in low- and middle-income countries: Results of the Maternal Immunization and Antenatal Care Situational Analysis (MIACSA) project [2020]
  • Antenatal care service delivery and factors affecting effective tetanus vaccine coverage in low- and middle-income countries: Results of the Maternal Immunisation and Antenatal Care Situational analysis (MIACSA) project [2020]

• Vaccines
  • Inequalities in Immunization against Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Protection at Birth Coverage Using Household Health Survey Data from 76 Countries [2023]

Malaysia

• Malaysian Society of Infectious Diseases & Chemotherapy
  • Tetanus

Mali

• Weekly Epidemiological Record
  • Validation of maternal and neonatal tetanus elimination in 90% of the population of Mali [2020]

Nepal

• WHO South-East Asia Region
  • Maternal and neonatal tetanus elimination (MNTE) post-validation assessment in Nepal; 9-16 December 2024 [2025]

New Zealand

• Health New Zealand
  • Tetanus - Immunisation Handbook

• Starship
  • Tetanus Prophylaxis

Nigeria

• Journal of Pregnancy
  • Factors Associated with the Uptake of Antenatal Tetanus Toxoids Containing Vaccine by First-Time Mothers in Nigeria: Findings from the 2018 Nigerian Demographic Health Survey [2022]

Pakistan

• International Journal of Infectious Diseases
  • Neonatal tetanus elimination in Pakistan: progress and challenges [2012]

• World Health Organization
  • Maternal and neonatal tetanus elimination: validation in Punjab Province, Pakistan, November 2016 [2017]

Sierra Leone

• BMC Public Health
  • Prevalence and predictors of taking tetanus toxoid vaccine in pregnancy: a cross-sectional study of 8,722 women in Sierra Leone [2020]

Somalia

• Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
  • Tetanus toxoid immunization coverage and its determinants among pregnant women in Somalia: A cross-sectional analysis of the 2020 Demographic and Health Survey [2025]

Sub-Saharan Africa

• International Health
  • Prevalence and factors associated with rural mothers' protection against tetanus: a cross-national analysis in 33 sub-Saharan African countries [2024]

• PLoS ONE
  • Factors associated with births protected against neonatal tetanus in Africa: Evidences from Demographic and health surveys of five African countries [2021]

United Kingdom

• UK Health Security Agency
  • Tetanus: the green book, chapter 30

• UKTIS
  • Tetanus vaccination in pregnancy

United States

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Tetanus | CDC Yellow Book 2024
  • Tetanus Vaccine Recommendations
  • Tetanus

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • Protecting all against tetanus: guide to sustaining maternal and neonatal tetanus elimination (MNTE) and broadening tetanus protection for all populations [2019]
  • The Immunological Basis for Immunization Series Module 3: Tetanus [2018]
  • Neonatal Tetanus: Vaccine Preventable Diseases Surveillance Standards [2018]
  • Tetanus vaccines: WHO position paper – February 2017 [2017]
  • Tetanus: Fact sheet
  • Tetanus reported cases and incidence
  • Tetanus
  • Neonates protected at birth against neonatal tetanus (%)
  • Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus Elimination (MNTE)

WHO South-East Asia Region

• WHO South-East Asia Region
  • Maternal and neonatal tetanus elimination post-validation assessment: combined with the joint national/international Expanded Programme on Immunization and Vaccine Preventable Disease Surveillance review [2020]

Yemen

• JMIR Public Health and Surveillance
  • Performance of the Neonatal Tetanus Surveillance System (NTSS) in Sana'a, Yemen: Evaluation Study [2021]

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Vaccines in pregnancy
  • Neonatal infections
  • Infections in pregnancy