Pregnancy

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Digestive system diseases in pregnancy

Australia

• Australian Journal of General Practice
  • Preconception, antenatal and postpartum management of inflammatory bowel disease [2022]

• SA Health
  • Cholestasis in Pregnancy

Australia, New Zealand

• Society of Obstetric Medicine of Australia and New Zealand
  • Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy - Diagnosis and management: A consensus statement of the Society of Obstetric Medicine of Australia and New Zealand (SOMANZ): Executive summary [2023]

Canada

• Canadian Association of Gastroenterology
  • The Toronto Consensus Statements for the Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Pregnancy [2016]

• Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology
  • Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Pregnancy: A Practical Approach to New Guidelines [2016]
  • Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease during Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Varies Widely: A Need for Further Education [2016]
  • Management of the pregnant inflammatory bowel disease patient on antitumour necrosis factor therapy: State of the art and future directions [2014]

• Perinatal Services BC
  • Gastrointestinal Conditions

• Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
  • Diagnosis and Management of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy [2024]

Denmark

• Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
  • The safety of paternal and maternal use of 5-aminosalicylic acid during conception and pregnancy: a nationwide cohort study [2022]

• BMC Medicine
  • Adverse birth outcomes and early-life infections after in utero exposure to corticosteroids for inflammatory bowel disease: a Danish nationwide cohort study [2023]

Europe

• European Association for the Study of the Liver
  • EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of liver diseases in pregnancy [2023]

• European Crohn´s and Colitis Organisation
  • Multidisciplinary Perinatal Care in IBD [2023]
  • European Crohn's and Colitis Guidelines on Sexuality, Fertility, Pregnancy, and Lactation [2023]
  • Third European Evidence-based Consensus on Diagnosis and Management of Ulcerative Colitis. Part 1: Definitions, Diagnosis, Extra-intestinal Manifestations, Pregnancy, Cancer Surveillance, Surgery, and Ileo-anal Pouch Disorders [2017]
  • The Second European Evidenced-Based Consensus on Reproduction and Pregnancy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease [2015]

France

• PLoS ONE
  • Drug use for gastrointestinal symptoms during pregnancy: A French nationwide study 2010–2018 [2021]

Germany

• Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics
  • Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: an evaluation of obstetric management in German maternity units [2023]

• Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde
  • Management of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy: Recommendations of the Working Group on Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine – Section on Maternal Disorders [2021]
  • Care of Women with Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Chronic IBD) During Pregnancy: Recommendations of the Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine Working Group of the DGGG [2021]

India

• Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology
  • Indian National Association for the Study of the Liver—Federation of Obstetric and Gynaecological Societies of India Position Statement on Management of Liver Diseases in Pregnancy [2019]

• Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
  • Expert consensus for the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease in pregnancy: collaborative insights from experts in India [2025]

International

• BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
  • Pregnancy in women with liver cirrhosis is associated with increased risk for complications: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature [2022]

• BMC Medicine
  • Global and regional incidence of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]

• Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
  • Global Consensus Statement on the Management of Pregnancy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease [2025]

• Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
  • Pharmacological interventions for treating intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy [2020]

• International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
  • FIGO guideline on liver disease and pregnancy [2025]

• PLoS ONE
  • Systematic review and meta-analysis: Evaluating the influence of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy on obstetric and neonatal outcomes [2024]

• United European Gastroenterology Journal
  • International Survey of Gastroenterologists on Managing Inflammatory Bowel Disease During Pregnancy and Lactation: Current State and the Necessity for Improvements [2025]

Italy

• Digestive and Liver Disease
  • AISF position paper on liver transplantation and pregnancy [2016]
  • AISF position paper on liver disease and pregnancy [2016]

• Italian Journal of Pediatrics
  • Prevalence of delivery mode in an Italian nationwide cohort with celiac disease: a SIGENP multicenter retrospective study (the CD-deliver-IT) [2024]

Japan

• Journal of Gastroenterology
  • Expert consensus on vaccination in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in Japan [2023]

Latin America

• Revista de Gastroenterología de México (English Edition)
  • Good clinical practice recommendations for the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. A Latin American expert review [2025]

Mexico

• Revista de Gastroenterología de México (English Edition)
  • Good clinical practice recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. An expert review from the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología [2024]

Republic of Korea

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Associations of Preterm Birth with Dental and Gastrointestinal Diseases: Machine Learning Analysis Using National Health Insurance Data [2023]
  • Association of Preterm Birth with Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Salivary Gland Disease: Machine Learning Analysis Using National Health Insurance Data [2022]

Spain

• Gastroenterología y Hepatología (English Edition)
  • Position statement of the Spanish Society of Primary Care Physicians (SEMERGEN) and Spanish Working Group on Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis (GETECCU) on the management of inflammatory bowel disease in Primary Care [2025]

Sri Lanka

• Sri Lanka College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists
  • Liver Disorders of Pregnancy [2022]

Sweden

• Hepatology Communications
  • Outcomes of Pregnancy in Mothers With Cirrhosis: A National Population-Based Cohort Study of 1.3 Million Pregnancies [2018]

• United European Gastroenterology Journal
  • Higher Risk of Serious Infection in Offspring of Mothers With Biopsy-Proven MASLD: A Nationwide Cohort Study [2026]

Switzerland

• Digestion
  • Update on the Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease during Pregnancy and Breastfeeding [2020]

United Arab Emirates

• World Journal of Gastroenterology
  • Second United Arab Emirates consensus guidance on the diagnosis and management of inflammatory bowel disease [2025]

United Kingdom

• British Journal of General Practice
  • Inflammatory bowel disease in pregnancy: management strategy based on best evidence and European guidelines [2014]

• British Society of Gastroenterology
  • British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on inflammatory bowel disease in adults: 2025 [2025]
  • Standards for the provision of antenatal care for patients with inflammatory bowel disease: guidance endorsed by the British Society of Gastroenterology and the British Maternal and Fetal Medicine Society [2021]

• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
  • Management of heartburn in pregnancy [2021]

• NHS England
  • Regional standards for the management of pregnant women with Inflammatory Bowel Disease [2019]
  • Inflammatory bowel disorders in pregnancy guideline [2018]

• Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
  • Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy [2022]

• WISDOM
  • Management of itching in pregnancy and obstetric cholestasis [2023]

United States

• American College of Gastroenterology
  • ACG Clinical Guideline: Liver Disease and Pregnancy [2016]

• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
  • Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders [2022]

• American Gastroenterological Association
  • AGA Clinical Practice Update on Pregnancy-Related Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Expert Review [2024]
  • Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Pregnancy Clinical Care Pathway: A Report From the American Gastroenterological Association IBD Parenthood Project Working Group [2019]
  • American Gastroenterological Association Institute - Technical Review on the Use of Gastrointestinal Medications in Pregnancy [2006]
  • American Gastroenterological Association Institute - Medical Position Statement on the Use of Gastrointestinal Medications in Pregnancy [2006]

• Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
  • Appropriate Use and Complications of Corticosteroids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Comprehensive Review [2025]

• Infectious Diseases Society of America
  • 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America on Complicated Intraabdominal Infections: Diagnostic Imaging of Suspected Acute Cholecystitis and Acute Cholangitis in Adults, Children, and Pregnant People [2024]
  • 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America on Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections: Diagnostic Imaging of Suspected Acute Diverticulitis in Adults and Pregnant People [2024]
  • 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America on Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections: Diagnostic Imaging of Suspected Acute Appendicitis in Adults, Children, and Pregnant People [2024]

• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
  • Longitudinal Trends in Pregnancy Outcomes Among Women With Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the Era of Biologics: A 20-Year Nationwide Analysis [2024]

• JAMA Network Open
  • Management of Complicated Appendicitis During Pregnancy in the US [2022]

• Nutrients
  • Exploring the Impact of Folic Acid Supplementation and Vitamin B12 Deficiency on Maternal and Fetal Outcomes in Pregnant Women with Celiac Disease [2024]

• Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine
  • Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #53: Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy [2021]

• Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons
  • SAGES guidelines for the use of laparoscopy during pregnancy [2024]

Western countries

• Midwifery
  • Needs of women that experience pregnancy with an ostomy: A scoping review [2025]

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Obstetrics, perinatology
  • Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy, hyperemesis gravidarum
  • Hepatitis in pregnancy and newborn