Maternal and neonatal infections

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Hepatitis in pregnancy and newborn

Africa

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]
  • Hepatitis E virus infection among pregnant women in Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis [2019]

• Infectious Diseases of Poverty
  • Gender development and hepatitis B and C infections among pregnant women in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2019]

• Lancet Global Health
  • Vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus in the WHO African region: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]

• Pan African Medical Journal
  • The status of hepatitis B control in the African region [2017]
  • Is hepatitis B birth dose vaccine needed in Africa? [2017]

• PLoS ONE
  • Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]

Africa, Arab countries

• Journal of Infection in Developing Countries
  • Hepatitis B and C virus infections among pregnant women in Arab and African countries [2013]

Americas

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Progress Toward Elimination of Mother-to-Child Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus — Region of the Americas, 2012–2022 [2024]

Asia-Pacific

• Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver
  • Asian Pacific association for the study of liver (APASL) guidelines: hepatitis B virus in pregnancy [2022]

• WHO Western Pacific Region
  • Informal Consultation on Validation of Elimination of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV, Hepatitis B and Syphilis : Developing the Method for Validating Hepatitis B Virus Elimination, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 27-28 February 2018 [2018]

Australia

• Australasian Society for HIV, Viral Hepatitis and Sexual Health Medicine
  • Managing hepatitis B virus in pregnancy and children

• Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  • Hepatitis B vaccination of preterm infants and risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a cohort study, Australia [2025]

• SA Health
  • Hepatitis C in Pregnancy
  • Hepatitis B in Pregnancy

• WA Health
  • Hepatitis C Virus (HCV): Care of the Infant Born to HCV Positive Women
  • Hepatitis B Virus (HBV): Care of the infant born to a HBV positive woman

Australia, New Zealand

• Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
  • Management of Hepatitis C in pregnancy [2020]
  • Management of Hepatitis B in pregnancy [2019]

Burkina Faso

• International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics
  • Costs of integrating hepatitis B screening and antiviral prophylaxis into routine antenatal care in Burkina Faso: Treat all versus targeted strategies [2024]

Cambodia

• Clinical Infectious Diseases
  • Hepatitis B e Antigen (HBeAg) Rapid Test and Alanine Aminotransferase Level–Based Algorithm to Identify Pregnant Women at Risk of HBV Mother-to-Child Transmission: The ANRS 12345 TA PROHM Study [2020]

Cameroon

• Clinical Infectious Diseases
  • Maternal Age at First Childbirth and Geographical Variation in Hepatitis B Virus Prevalence in Cameroon: Important Role of Mother-to-Child Transmission [2022]

Canada

• Canadian Family Physician
  • Hepatitis E infection during pregnancy [2015]

• CanHepC - Canadian Network on Hepatitis C
  • Hepatitis C virus infection in mothers and children [2019]

• Perinatal Services BC
  • Newborn: Hepatitis B Screening & Prophylaxis

• PLoS ONE
  • Prenatal hepatitis C screening, diagnoses, and follow-up testing in British Columbia, 2008–2019 [2020]

• Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
  • Hepatitis C Virus in Pregnancy [2025]
  • Hepatitis B and Pregnancy [2017]

• Viruses
  • Hepatitis B and C in Pregnancy and Children: A Canadian Perspective [2023]

China

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Cesarean section to prevent mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus in China: A meta-analysis [2017]

• Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  • Progress towards elimination of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in China: a modelling analysis [2021]

• Chinese Medical Journal
  • Prevention, control, and management of HBV infection among pregnant women in China: from a life-cycle perspective [2022]
  • Vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus: propositions and future directions [2021]

• Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
  • Management Algorithm for Interrupting Mother-to-Child Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus [2019]

• EClinicalMedicine
  • Cost-effectiveness of couple-based immunization strategy to prevent mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus in China: A decision-analytic Markov model [2020]

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • Hepatitis B Infection Among Pregnant Women in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2022]

• Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
  • Viral hepatitis vaccination during pregnancy [2016]

• Infectious Diseases of Poverty
  • Outcomes of the national programme on prevention of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus in China, 2016–2017 [2019]

• International Journal of Infectious Diseases
  • Tenofovir prophylaxis for preventing mother-to-child hepatitis B virus transmission in China: A cost-effectiveness analysis [2020]

• Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology
  • 2019 Chinese Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention of Mother-to-child Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus [2020]

• Journal of Clinical Virology
  • Management of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus: Propositions and challenges [2016]

• Lancet Regional Health – Western Pacific
  • Hepatitis B virus infection among 90 million pregnant women in 2853 Chinese counties, 2015-2020: a national observational study [2021]

• Maternal-Fetal Medicine
  • CSOG MFM Committee Guideline: Management of Hepatitis B During Pregnancy and Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus (2020) [2021]

• Pediatric Investigation
  • Prevention strategies of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection [2020]

• Scientific Reports
  • Prevalence and factors associated with hepatitis C among pregnant women in China: a cross-sectional study [2023]

• Virology Journal
  • Hepatitis E virus infection during pregnancy [2020]

East Africa

• PLoS ONE
  • Prevalence of Hepatitis B virus infection and its determinants among pregnant women in East Africa: Systematic review and Meta-analysis [2024]

Egypt

• Hepatology
  • Estimation of hepatitis C virus infections resulting from vertical transmission in Egypt [2015]

Egypt, Ukraine

• Journal of Hepatology
  • Modelling the potential effectiveness of hepatitis C screening and treatment strategies during pregnancy in Egypt and Ukraine [2023]

Ethiopia

• Advances in Preventive Medicine
  • Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Infection among Pregnant Women in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2021]

• BMC Public Health
  • Cost-effectiveness of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate prophylaxis for perinatal hepatitis B virus prevention in Ethiopia: a decision analytical modeling [2025]

• Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Its Determinants among Pregnant Women in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2020]

• Journal of Infection in Developing Countries
  • The risk of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]

Germany

• Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde
  • Recommendations of the AGG (Task Force for Obstetrics, Section Maternal Diseases) on the Management of Maternal Hepatitis B, C and D Infection in Pregnancy [2021]

Ghana

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • The burden of hepatitis E virus infection among Ghanaian pregnant women [2025]

Haiti

• American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
  • Seroprevalence of Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E Viruses among Pregnant Women in Haiti [2019]

Hong Kong

• Hong Kong College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
  • 2024 Hong Kong College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists guideline on antenatal screening and management of hepatitis B for prevention of mother-to-child transmission [2024]

International

• Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
  • Incidence of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B in relation to maternal peripartum antiviral prophylaxis: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]

• American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
  • Comparative efficacy and safety of pharmacologic interventions to prevent mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus: a systematic review and network meta-analysis [2022]

• Annals of Saudi Medicine
  • Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus infection in pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Burden of hepatitis E virus infection in pregnancy and maternofoetal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]

• BMJ Open
  • Impact of maternal hepatitis B carrier status on congenital abnormalities: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]

• Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  • Birth-dose hepatitis B vaccine and bronchopulmonary dysplasia risks in preterm infants [2025]

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Progress Toward the Elimination of Mother-to-Child Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus — Worldwide, 2016–2021 [2022]

• European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
  • Viral Hepatitis in pregnancy [2021]

• European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences
  • Association between hepatitis C infection during pregnancy with maternal and neonatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]

• Journal of Perinatology
  • Hepatitis B and C in pregnancy: a review and recommendations for care [2014]

• Lancet Gastroenterology and Hepatology
  • Impact and cost-effectiveness of hepatitis B virus prophylaxis in pregnancy: a dynamic simulation modelling study [2023]

• Vaccine
  • An approach for preparing and responding to adverse events following immunization reported after hepatitis B vaccine birth dose administration [2020]

• Virology Journal
  • The effect of hepatitis B virus on the risk of pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies [2023]

• World Journal of Gastroenterology
  • Chronic hepatitis B in pregnant women: Current trends and approaches [2021]

Iran

• BioMed Research International
  • Prevalence and Predominant Genotype of Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Associated Risk Factors among Pregnant Women in Iran [2021]

• International Journal of Preventive Medicine
  • Hepatitis B surface antigen prevalence in pregnant women: A cross-sectional survey in Iran [2014]

• Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology
  • Epidemiology of Hepatitis E in Pregnant Women and Children in Iran: A General Overview [2016]

Israel

• Israel Medical Association Journal
  • Understanding Newborn Hepatitis B Immunization Refusal: One Size Does Not Fit All [2020]

Mozambique

• Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  • Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus in antenatal care and maternity services, Mozambique [2022]

Myanmar

• BMC Health Services Research
  • Coverage, inequity and predictors of hepatitis B birth vaccination in Myanmar from 2011-2016: results from a national survey [2022]

Namibia

• Vaccine
  • Prevention of hepatitis B mother-to-child transmission in Namibia: A cost-effectiveness analysis [2021]

Netherlands

• European Journal of Health Economics
  • Cost-effectiveness of hepatitis C virus screening, and subsequent monitoring or treatment among pregnant women in the Netherlands [2020]

New Zealand

• Starship
  • Immunisation - Hepatitis B
  • Hepatitis C - maternal infection, vertical transmission and nursing care of baby

Nigeria

• PLoS ONE
  • A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women in Nigeria [2021]

North Korea

• PLoS ONE
  • Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Hepatitis B Vaccination Strategies to Prevent Perinatal Transmission in North Korea: Selective Vaccination vs. Universal Vaccination [2016]

Oman

• Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health
  • Prevalence of Hepatitis B Infection Among Pregnant Women in Oman [2022]

Senegal

• Viruses
  • Hepatitis E Virus Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors in Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Consultations in Senegal [2022]

Singapore

• Singapore Medical Journal
  • Cost-effectiveness analysis of antiviral treatment for pregnant women with high viral load to prevent hepatitis B virus vertical transmission [2020]

Slovenia

• EuroSurveillance
  • Hepatitis C virus infection among pregnant women in Slovenia: study on 31,849 samples obtained in four screening rounds during 1999, 2003, 2009 and 2013 [2015]

South Africa

• BMC Public Health
  • Modelling cost-effectiveness of tenofovir for prevention of mother to child transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in South Africa [2019]

South-East Asia, Western Pacific

• International Journal of Infectious Diseases
  • Hepatitis B surface antigen prevalence and the rates of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus after the introduction of infant vaccination programs in South East Asia and Western Pacific regions: a systematic review [2022]

Spain

• PLoS ONE
  • Seroprevalence and epidemiology of hepatitis B and C viruses in pregnant women in Spain. Risk factors for vertical transmission [2020]

Sub-Saharan Africa

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • Towards contextualized complex systems approaches to scaling-up hepatitis B birth-dose vaccination in the African region: a qualitative systematic review [2024]

Switzerland

• Journal of Virus Eradication
  • Vertical transmission of hepatitis C: towards universal antenatal screening in the era of new direct acting antivirals (DAAs)? Short review and analysis of the situation in Switzerland [2016]

Taiwan

• American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
  • Seroepidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Native and Immigrant Pregnant Women: A 20-Year Retrospective Study in Taiwan [2019]

Thailand

• BMJ Open
  • Cost-effectiveness of tenofovir prophylaxis during pregnancy for the elimination of mother-to-child transmission of the hepatitis B virus: real-world analysis from Thailand [2023]

Togo

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Prevalence of hepatitis B among childbearing women and infant born to HBV-positive mothers in Togo [2020]

Turkey

• Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal
  • 15-year evaluation of changes in the HBsAg positivity rate in pregnant women in Turkey: the prominent effect of national vaccination [2022]

• Northern Clinics of Istanbul
  • Prevalence of HBsAg seropositivity during pregnancy and evaluation of vaccination programs: A multicenter study in Turkey [2021]

United Kingdom

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • A rapid review of antenatal hepatitis C virus testing in the United Kingdom [2023]
  • Management of hepatitis B in pregnant women and infants: a multicentre audit from four London hospitals [2013]

• British Association for the Study of the Liver
  • Guideline for the management of hepatitis B in pregnancy and the exposed infant [2021]

• Epidemiology & Infection
  • Characteristics, treatment and care of pregnant women living with hepatitis B in England: findings from a national audit [2023]

• NHS England
  • IDPS: ISOSS Hepatitis B outcome report 2023 [2023]
  • Management of Positive Hepatitis B Screen in Mothers and Babies [2018]
  • Hepatitis B maternal and neonatal checklist

• PLoS ONE
  • Estimating the number of livebirths to Hepatitis C seropositive women in England in 2013 and 2018 using Bayesian modelling [2022]

• Royal College of Pathologists
  • Vertical and perinatal transmission of hepatitis C [2018]

• Scottish Perinatal Network
  • Management of babies born to mothers with Hepatitis C [2024]
  • Hepatitis B virus: Prevention of perinatal transmission [2024]

• UK Health Security Agency
  • Infants born to hepatitis B-infected mothers: immunoglobulin policy
  • Hepatitis B: antenatal screening and selective neonatal immunisation pathway

• UK National Screening Committee
  • Hepatitis C (pregnancy)
  • Hepatitis B

United States

• Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
  • Screening for Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Pregnant Women: An Updated Systematic Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force [2019]

• American Academy of Pediatrics
  • Elimination of Perinatal Hepatitis B: Providing the First Vaccine Dose Within 24 Hours of Birth [2017]

• American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases
  • HCV in Pregnancy

• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
  • Routine Hepatitis C Virus Screening in Pregnant Individuals [2021]

• American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
  • Treatment and prevention of viral hepatitis in pregnancy [2022]

• American Journal of Preventive Medicine
  • Gaps in Prenatal Hepatitis B Screening and Management of HBsAg Positive Pregnant Persons in the U.S., 2015-2020 [2023]

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Testing Infants and Children With Perinatal Exposure to Hepatitis C Virus [2024]
  • CDC Recommendations for Hepatitis C Testing Among Perinatally Exposed Infants and Children — United States, 2023 [2023]
  • Screening Pregnant Women for Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Infection and Screening and Referral Algorithm for Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Infection among Pregnant Women [2020]
  • National Trends in Hepatitis C Infection by Opioid Use Disorder Status Among Pregnant Women at Delivery Hospitalization — United States, 2000–2015 [2019]
  • Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among Women Giving Birth — Tennessee and United States, 2009–2014 [2017]
  • Increased Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Detection in Women of Childbearing Age and Potential Risk for Vertical Transmission — United States and Kentucky, 2011–2014 [2016]
  • Hepatitis B Perinatal Vaccine Information
  • Guidelines for Perinatal Post-Vaccination Serologic Testing
  • Clinical Overview of Perinatal Hepatitis B
  • Clinical Guidance for Perinatal Hepatitis B Testing

• Clinical Infectious Diseases
  • Cost-effectiveness of Antenatal Rescreening Among Pregnant Women for Hepatitis C in the United States [2021]
  • Cost-effectiveness of Universal Hepatitis C Virus Screening of Pregnant Women in the United States [2019]
  • Universal Screening of Pregnant Women for Hepatitis C: The Time Is Now [2018]

• Clinical Liver Disease
  • Viral Hepatitis in Pregnancy: An Update on Screening, Diagnosis, and Management [2021]

• Hepatitis C Online
  • Perinatal HCV Transmission

• Hepatology Communications
  • Hepatitis C is associated with more adverse pregnancy outcomes than hepatitis B: A 7-year national inpatient sample study [2022]

• JAMA Network Open
  • Trends in the Prevalence of Hepatitis C Infection During Pregnancy and Maternal-Infant Outcomes in the US, 1998 to 2018 [2023]

• Journal of Infectious Diseases
  • Hepatitis C Virus in Pregnancy: Are We Ready for Test and Treat? [2020]

• Journal of Pediatrics
  • Cost-Effectiveness of Strategies to Identify Children with Perinatally Acquired Hepatitis C Infection [2023]

• National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
  • Breastfeeding Initiation, Duration, and Associated Factors Among People With Hepatitis C Virus Infection [2024]
  • Risk Factors for Perinatal Transmission of Hepatitis C Virus [2023]
  • Hepatitis C Virus Antibody Screening in a Cohort of Pregnant Women: Identifying Seroprevalence and Risk Factors [2020]

• Obstetrics & Gynecology
  • Hepatitis C Virus Testing During Pregnancy After Universal Screening Recommendations [2022]

• Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology
  • Maternal hepatitis C prevalence and trends by county, US: 2016-2020 [2023]

• Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine
  • Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #69: Hepatitis B in pregnancy: updated guidelines [2024]
  • Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #56: Hepatitis C in pregnancy—updated guidelines [2021]
  • Hepatitis C in pregnancy: screening, treatment, and management [2017]
  • #38: Hepatitis B in pregnancy screening, treatment, and prevention of vertical transmission [2016]

• StatPearls
  • Pregnancy and Viral Hepatitis

• U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
  • Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Pregnant Women: Screening [2019]

• Vaccine
  • Uptake and safety of hepatitis A vaccination during pregnancy: A Vaccine Safety Datalink study [2019]

• World Journal of Hepatology
  • Chronic hepatitis B infection in pregnancy [2015]

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus: Guidelines on antiviral prophylaxis in pregnancy [2020]
  • Preventing perinatal hepatitis B virus transmission: a guide for introducing and strengthening hepatitis B birth dose vaccination [2015]
  • Mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B

WHO South-East Asia Region

• Indian Journal of Medical Research
  • Testing for hepatitis in view of treatment: A universal health coverage service that can advance elimination of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus [2020]

WHO Western Pacific Region

• WHO Western Pacific Region
  • Operationalizing Elimination of Mother-to-Child Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus in the Western Pacific Region [2021]

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Neonatal infections
  • Infections in pregnancy
  • Hepatitis
  • Digestive system diseases in pregnancy