Maternal and neonatal infections

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Sexually transmitted infections in pregnancy

Americas

• Pan American Health Organization
  • Elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and syphilis in the Americas. Update 2016 [2017]
  • Field Guide for Implementation of the Strategy and Plan of Action for Elimination of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV and Congenital Syphilis in the Americas [2014]
  • 2012 Progress Report: Elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and congenital syphilis in the Americas [2013]

Asia

• PLoS ONE
  • A systematic review of barriers and facilitators to antenatal screening for HIV, syphilis or hepatitis B in Asia: Perspectives of pregnant women, their relatives and health care providers [2024]

Asia-Pacific

• WHO Western Pacific Region
  • Regional framework for the triple elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, hepatitis B and syphilis in Asia and the Pacific, 2018-2030 [2018]

Australia

• Australasian Society for HIV, Viral Hepatitis and Sexual Health Medicine
  • Bloodborne viruses and sexually transmissible infections in antenatal care [2022]
  • Pregnant people

Brazil

• PLoS ONE
  • Maternal HIV and syphilis are not syndemic in Brazil: Hot spot analysis of the two epidemics [2021]

Canada

• Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health
  • Screening for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae During Pregnancy: A Health Technology Assessment [2018]

• Public Health Agency of Canada
  • Acceptability, feasibility, equity and resource use for prenatal screening for chlamydia and gonorrhea: A systematic review [2024]
  • Recommendations on Screening for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Pregnancy

• Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
  • Intrauterine Fetal Diagnostic Testing in Women with Chronic Viral Infections [2020]

Central Asia, Europe

• WHO European Region
  • WHO regional technical consultation on monitoring progress and supporting capacity building to validate dual elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and congenital syphilis: 17-18 December 2015, Astana, Kazakhstan: report [2016]

Egypt

• BMC Public Health
  • Exploring the prevalence of chlamydial and gonorrheal infections in pregnant women: a multicenter study in Egypt [2024]

Ethiopia

• International Journal of Infectious Diseases
  • Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (HIV, hepatitis B virus, herpes simplex virus type 2, and syphilis) in pregnant women in Ethiopia: Trends over 10 years (2005–2014) [2019]

India

• Ministry of Health and Family Welfare India
  • National Guidelines for Elimination of Vertical Transmission of HIV and Syphilis [2024]

International

• BMJ Open
  • Adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes associated with Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]

• Clinical Microbiology and Infection
  • Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus, syphilis, and hepatitis B and C virus infections in pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]

• Current HIV/AIDS Reports
  • Opportunities to Optimize Outcomes of Diagnosis and Treatment of HIV and Syphilis in Pregnancy: the Quest to Eliminate Maternal and Vertical Transmission [2025]

• Sexually Transmitted Infections
  • Adverse pregnancy and perinatal outcomes associated with Mycoplasma genitalium: systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]
  • Sexually Transmitted Infections in Pregnancy: A Narrative Review of the Global Research Gaps, Challenges, and Opportunities [2020]

• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
  • Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, hepatitis B and C and syphilis [2021]

Ireland

• Ireland's Health Services
  • Preventing Perinatal Transmission [2015]

Japan

• Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases
  • Current Status of Condylomata Acuminata in Pregnant Japanese Women [2016]

Kenya

• Sexually Transmitted Infections
  • Sexually transmitted infections during pregnancy and subsequent risk of stillbirth and infant mortality in Kenya: a prospective study [2019]

Latin America and the Caribbean

• Pan American Health Organization
  • Strategy and Plan of Action for Elimination of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV and Congenital Syphilis in Latin America and the Caribbean: Regional Monitoring Strategy. 3. ed. [2013]

Low and middle income countries

• BMJ Global Health
  • Barriers and facilitators to HIV and syphilis rapid diagnostic testing in antenatal care settings in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review [2022]

• International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics
  • Rapid systematic review of interventions to improve antenatal screening rates for syphilis, hepatitis B, and HIV in low- and middle-income countries [2024]

• Journal of Global Health
  • The impact of antibiotic treatment for syphilis, chlamydia, and gonorrhoea during pregnancy on birth outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]

• PLoS ONE
  • Economic evaluation of point-of-care testing and treatment for sexually transmitted and genital infections in pregnancy in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review [2021]

• Sexually Transmitted Diseases
  • Short Report: Acceptability and Feasibility of Rapid Chlamydial, Gonococcal, and Trichomonal Screening and Treatment in Pregnant Women in Six Low-to-Middle Income Countries [2018]
  • Prevalence of Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections in Pregnant Women in Low- and Middle-Income Countries From 2010 to 2015 [2016]

Netherlands

• BMC Public Health
  • Evaluating progress towards triple elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, syphilis and hepatitis B in the Netherlands [2019]

• Reproductive Health
  • Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoea, and Trichomonas vaginalis infections among pregnant women and male partners in Dutch midwifery practices: prevalence, risk factors, and perinatal outcomes [2021]

New Zealand

• New Zealand Herpes Foundation
  • Pregnancy and Breastfeeding [2024]

Nigeria

• Antiviral Therapy
  • Seroprevalence, seroconversion, and mother-to-child transmission of dual and triplex infections of HIV, HBV, and HCV among Nigerian obstetric population: A national multicentre prospective cohort study [2025]

• SAGE Open Medicine
  • Mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus among pregnant women with single, dual or triplex infections of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus in Nigeria: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]

Oman

• Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal
  • Oman eliminates mother-to-child transmission of HIV and syphilis [2024]

Pacific Islands

• Lancet Regional Health – Western Pacific
  • Progress towards triple elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, hepatitis B and syphilis in Pacific Island Countries and Territories: a systematic review [2023]

Papua New Guinea

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Investigating health service availability and readiness for antenatal testing and treatment for HIV and syphilis in Papua New Guinea [2022]

Puerto Rico

• Puerto Rico Health Sciences Journal
  • Elimination of the Perinatal Transmission of HIV and Syphilis in Puerto Rico and Sustained Success since 2007: Convergence of Science, Women-Centered Care, and Policy [2021]

South Africa

• National Department of Health South Africa
  • Guideline for Vertical Transmission Prevention of Communicable Infections [2023]

Sub-Saharan Africa

• Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  • Eliminating mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, syphilis and hepatitis B in sub-Saharan Africa [2021]

• Sexually Transmitted Infections
  • Prevalence of curable STIs and bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]

• Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases
  • Sexually transmitted infections in pregnant women from sub-Saharan Africa [2021]

• Virology Journal
  • Sero-prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus–hepatitis B virus (HIV–HBV) co-infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and the associated risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]

Sweden

• PLoS Medicine
  • Associations of treated and untreated human papillomavirus infection with preterm delivery and neonatal mortality: A Swedish population-based study [2021]

Tanzania

• BMC Public Health
  • Prevalence of HIV and syphilis infections among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Tanzania, 2011 [2015]

Ukraine

• WHO European Region
  • Report on 2018–2019 pre-validation assessment of elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and syphilis in Ukraine [2020]

United Kingdom

• Women's Health
  • Managing Sexually Transmitted Infections in Pregnant Women [2012]

United States

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Pregnant Women - STI Treatment Guidelines [2021]
  • Trends and Characteristics of Sexually Transmitted Infections During Pregnancy: United States, 2016-2018 [2020]

• Clinical Infectious Diseases
  • Sexually Transmitted Infections in Pregnant People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Temporal Trends, Demographic Correlates, and Association With Preterm Birth [2022]

• Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease
  • Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Testing in Pregnancy: Time to Improve Adherence and Update Recommendations [2024]

• Sexual Health
  • STD testing among pregnant women in the United States, 2011-2015 [2020]

• Sexually Transmitted Diseases
  • Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Pregnancy: Trends in United States, 2010 to 2018 [2021]
  • Assessing the Burden of Infant Deaths Due to Herpes Simplex Virus, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and Congenital Syphilis: United States, 1995 to 2017 [2021]

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • Introducing a framework for implementing triple elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, syphilis and hepatitis B virus: policy brief [2023]
  • Governance for the validation of elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, syphilis and hepatitis B virus: an overview of validation structures and responsibilities at national, regional and global levels [2022]
  • Global guidance on criteria and processes for validation: elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, syphilis and hepatitis B virus [2021]
  • Governance guidance for the validation of elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and syphilis: an overview of validation structures and responsibilities at national, regional and global levels [2020]
  • Dual HIV/syphilis rapid diagnostic tests can be used as the first test in antenatal care: policy brief [2019]
  • Standard protocol to assess prevalence of gonorrhoea and chlamydia among pregnant women in antenatal care clinics [2018]
  • Triple elimination initiative of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, syphilis and hepatitis B
  • Dual HIV/syphilis rapid diagnostic tests
  • Antiretrovirals in pregnancy research toolkit

WHO Western Pacific Region

• WHO Western Pacific Region
  • Meeting of the Regional Advisory Group on Elimination of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV, Hepatitis B and Syphilis, and Accelerated Control of Viral Hepatitis in the Western Pacific Region, Manila, Philippines, 21-23 May 2024: meeting report [2024]
  • Triple elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, hepatitis B and syphilis [2017]
  • Expert Consultation on Triple Elimination of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV, Hepatitis B and Syphilis in the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines, 20-21 February 2017 : meeting report [2017]
  • Eliminating mother to child transmission of HIV, hepatitis and syphilis

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Sexually transmitted infections
  • Infections in pregnancy