Maternal and neonatal infections

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HIV/AIDS in pregnancy and newborn

Africa

• Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes
  • Lessons Learned From Early Implementation of Option B+: The Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation Experience in 11 African Countries [2014]

• WHO African Region
  • Prevention of mother-to-child transmission - Technical update [2018]

Angola

• PLoS ONE
  • Effectiveness of a Prevention of Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission Programme in an Urban Hospital in Angola [2012]

Asia-Pacific

• IeDEA International epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS
  • Differences in clinical characteristics between adolescents and young adults with perinatally and sexually acquired HIV in the Asia-Pacific region [2025]

Australia

• Australasian Society for HIV, Viral Hepatitis and Sexual Health Medicine
  • Pregnancy and reproductive health in women with HIV infection
  • Pregnancy and midwifery considerations in HIV
  • Maternal HIV Testing and Identification of Perinatal HIV Exposure
  • ARV Management of Newborns with Perinatal HIV Exposure or HIV Infection

• SA Health
  • HIV in Pregnancy

Austria, Germany

• European Journal of Medical Research
  • German-austrian recommendations for HIV1-therapy in pregnancy and in HIV1-exposed newborn - update 2008 [2009]

Botswana

• Journal of the International AIDS Society
  • Incident HIV acquisition among pregnant women in Botswana: findings from the Tsepamo birth outcomes surveillance study [2023]
  • Cross-sectional trends in HIV prevalence among pregnant women in Botswana: an opportunity for PrEP? [2022]

• Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care
  • Sociodemographic Predictors of HIV Infection among Pregnant Women in Botswana: Cross-Sectional Study at 7 Health Facilities [2020]

• Population Health Metrics
  • Using routine programmatic data to measure HIV incidence among pregnant women in Botswana [2022]

Brazil

• Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases
  • HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission in Brazil (1994–2016): a time series modeling [2019]

• Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia
  • HIV Prevalence among Pregnant Women in Brazil: A National Survey [2016]

• Revista de Saúde Pública
  • Reporting of HIV-infected pregnant women: estimates from a Brazilian study [2018]

Burkina Faso

• BMC Health Services Research
  • Availability and readiness of the health facilities to provide HIV counseling and testing and prevention of mother-to-child transmission services in Burkina Faso: a trend analysis from 2012 to 2018 [2023]

• Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  • Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV at the second immunization visit: a cross-sectional study, Burkina Faso [2022]

• HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care
  • Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV: a review of the achievements and challenges in Burkina-Faso [2019]

Cameroon

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Estimating mother-to-child HIV transmission rates in Cameroon in 2011: a computer simulation approach [2016]

• Heliyon
  • The declining trend of HIV-Infection among pregnant women in Cameroon infers an epidemic decline in the general population [2020]

• PLoS ONE
  • The mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 and profile of viral reservoirs in pediatric population: A systematic review with meta-analysis of the Cameroonian studies [2023]

Canada

• British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS
  • Care of HIV Positive Pregnant Women and Interventions to Reduce Perinatal Transmission Guidelines – British Columbia Centre for Excellence

• Canadian Paediatric Society
  • HIV in pregnancy: Identification of intrapartum and perinatal HIV exposures [2019]

• CMAJ
  • Intrapartum care of the HIV-positive woman [2014]

• Cureus
  • Equitable Timing of HIV Diagnosis Prior to Pregnancy: A Canadian Perspective [2021]

• Journal of the International AIDS Society
  • Postnatal prophylaxis and the use of presumptive HIV therapy for the prevention of vertical transmission of HIV in Canada 1997-2020 [2025]

• PLoS ONE
  • Pregnancy incidence and intention after HIV diagnosis among women living with HIV in Canada [2017]

• Public Health Agency of Canada
  • Type and timing of antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy: Impact on risk of preterm delivery and small-for-gestational age births in Canada, a retrospective cohort study [2023]
  • Prescribing patterns of antiretroviral treatments during pregnancy for women living with HIV in Canada 2004-2020: A surveillance study [2023]

• Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
  • Care of Pregnant Women Living with HIV and Interventions to Reduce Perinatal Transmission [2024]
  • HIV Screening in Pregnancy [2017]

China

• China CDC Weekly
  • Prevention of Mother-To-Child Transmission of HIV — China, 2011–2020 [2021]

• International Journal of Infectious Diseases
  • Barriers and enablers of the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV/AIDS program in China: a systematic review and policy implications [2017]

• PLoS ONE
  • The Uptake of Prevention of Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission Programs in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2015]

• Sexually Transmitted Infections
  • Prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission cascade in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2015]

China, Sub-Saharan Africa

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • Interventions to improve antiretroviral adherence in HIV-infected pregnant women: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]

Denmark

• BMJ Open
  • The Danish HIV Birth Cohort (DHBC) - a nationwide, prospective cohort [2021]

• HIV Medicine
  • Use of antiretroviral therapy in pregnancy and association with birth outcome among women living with HIV in Denmark: A nationwide, population-based cohort study [2022]

Dominican Republic

• Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Progress towards Elimination of HIV Mother-to-Child Transmission in the Dominican Republic from 1999 to 2011 [2012]

East Africa

• BMC Women's Health
  • Comprehensive knowledge of mother-to-child HIV/AIDS transmission, prevention, and associated factors among reproductive-age women in East Africa: insights from recent demographic and national health surveys [2024]

• HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care
  • Prevalence and Associated Factors of HIV Testing Among Pregnant Women: A Multilevel Analysis Using the Recent Demographic and Health Survey Data from 11 East African Countries [2021]

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Prenatal HIV Test Uptake and Its Associated Factors for Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV in East Africa [2021]

• PLoS ONE
  • Unintended pregnancy among women living with HIV and its predictors in East Africa, 2024. A systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]
  • Understanding the uptake and determinants of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV services in East Africa: Mixed methods systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]
  • Increased prevalence of pregnancy and comparative risk of program attrition among individuals starting HIV treatment in East Africa [2018]

• Tropical Medicine and Health
  • Prevalence of vertical HIV infection and its risk factors among HIV exposed infants in East Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]

El Salvador

• PLoS ONE
  • Disparities in HIV Screening among Pregnant Women – El Salvador, 2011 [2013]

Ethiopia

• AIDS Research and Therapy
  • Magnitude and risk factors of mother-to-child transmission of HIV among HIV-exposed infants after Option B+ implementation in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Systematic review and meta-analysis of knowledge on PMTCT of HIV/AIDS and Association factors among reproductive age women in Ethiopia, 2022 [2023]
  • Mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection and its associated factors in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2018]

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • A multilevel analysis of determinants of PMTCT service utilisation among women during the antepartum, intrapartum and postpartum period in Ethiopia [2021]

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • Individual and community-level determinants and spatial distribution of prenatal HIV test uptake in Ethiopia: Spatial and multilevel analysis [2023]

• PLoS ONE
  • Trend, spatial distribution, and factors associated with HIV testing uptake among pregnant women in Ethiopia, based on 2005-2016 Ethiopia demographic and health survey: A multivariate decomposition analysis and geographically weighted regression [2024]
  • Sociodemographic inequalities in the uptake of prenatal HIV testing in Ethiopia: Systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]
  • Level of adherence to option B+ program and associated factors among HIV-positive women in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]
  • Levels of mother-to-child HIV transmission knowledge and associated factors among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia: Analysis of 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey Data [2021]

Europe

• European Journal of Public Health
  • National Guidelines for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV across Europe – how do countries differ? [2013]

• EuroSurveillance
  • Children and young people with perinatal HIV in Europe: epidemiological situation in 2014 and implications for the future [2016]

France

• EuroSurveillance
  • Antenatal HIV screening: results from the National Perinatal Survey, France, 2016 [2019]

• PLoS ONE
  • Association between Prenatal Exposure to Antiretroviral Therapy and Birth Defects: An Analysis of the French Perinatal Cohort Study (ANRS CO1/CO11) [2014]

Gambia

• BMC Public Health
  • Prenatal care and uptake of HIV testing among pregnant women in Gambia: a cross-sectional study [2020]

Germany

• EuroSurveillance
  • HIV infections and HIV testing during pregnancy, Germany, 1993 to 2016 [2019]

Ghana

• Ghana Medical Journal
  • Review of Antenatal-Linked Voluntary Counseling and HIV Testing in Sub-Saharan Africa: Lessons and Options for Ghana [2005]

• International Journal for Equity in Health
  • Towards elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Ghana: an analysis of national programme data [2016]

Haiti, Sub-Saharan Africa

• Global Health: Science and Practice
  • Preexposure Prophylaxis Among Pregnant and Lactating People in 18 PEPFAR-Supported Countries: A Review of HIV Strategies and Guidelines [2022]

Hong Kong

• Centre for Health Protection
  • Recommended Clinical Guidelines on the Prevention of Perinatal HIV Transmission [2018]

India

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Mother-to-child HIV transmission and its correlates in India: systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]

• BMC Public Health
  • Socioeconomic inequalities in the HIV testing during antenatal care: evidence from Indian demographic health survey, 2015-16 [2022]
  • Systematic review of public health research on prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in India with focus on provision and utilization of cascade of PMTCT services [2012]

• Indian Journal of Medical Research
  • Comparison of prevention of parent-to-child HIV transmission programme & national biennial HIV sentinel surveillance data for tracking HIV epidemic in India [2022]

• Ministry of Health and Family Welfare India
  • Prevention of Parent to Child Transmission (PPTCT) of HIV using Multi Drug Anti-retroviral Regimen in India [2013]

Indonesia

• Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care
  • Prevention of HIV Transmission from Mother to Child: Challenges to the Successful Program Implementation and Practice in Indonesia [2021]

International

• Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
  • Perinatal outcomes in women living with HIV-1 and receiving antiretroviral therapy-a systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]

• AIDS
  • Perinatal outcomes among pregnant women with HIV initiating antiretroviral therapy preconception and antenatally [2025]
  • Adverse perinatal outcomes associated with different classes of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant women with HIV [2025]
  • Elective cesarean section for women living with HIV: a systematic review of risks and benefits [2017]

• AIDS and Behavior
  • Slow Acceptance of Universal Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Among Mothers Enrolled in IMPAACT PROMISE Studies Across the Globe [2019]

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Comparison of safety and effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy regimens among pregnant women living with HIV at preconception or during pregnancy: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized trials [2024]

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Adverse birth outcome research case definitions associated with maternal HIV and antiretroviral drug use in pregnancy: a scoping review [2024]
  • Adverse perinatal outcomes associated with prenatal exposure to protease-inhibitor-based versus non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based antiretroviral combinations in pregnant women with HIV infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]

• BMC Psychiatry
  • Prevalence of and risk factors for suicidal ideation among perinatal women with HIV infection: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression [2025]

• BMJ
  • Antiretroviral therapy in pregnant women living with HIV: a clinical practice guideline [2017]

• Clinical Microbiology and Infection
  • Association of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors with adverse perinatal outcomes in pregnant women living with HIV: systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]

• Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics
  • Optimizing Pharmacology Studies in Pregnant and Lactating Women Using Lessons From HIV: A Consensus Statement [2021]

• Clinics in Perinatology
  • Research Toward a Cure for Perinatal HIV [2024]
  • Care of Pregnant Women Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus [2024]

• Current HIV/AIDS Reports
  • Long-Acting Injectable Antiretroviral Drugs for Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women: Current Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions [2025]

• Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS
  • Preventing perinatal HIV acquisition; current gaps and future perspectives [2024]

• EClinicalMedicine
  • Adverse perinatal outcomes associated with protease inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy in pregnant women living with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]

• Epidemiology and Health
  • Does antiretroviral therapy cause congenital malformations? A systematic review and meta-analysis [2021]

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • Use of Oral Polio Vaccine and the Global Incidence of Mother-to-Child Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission [2022]

• International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents
  • Maternal antiretroviral treatment for HIV infection and risk of small-for-gestational-age birth: A systematic review and meta-analysis of protease inhibitor-based treatment and timing of treatment [2023]

• Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes
  • Neuropsychiatric Outcomes in Children and Adolescents With Perinatally Acquired HIV: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2025]

• Journal of the International AIDS Society
  • Surveillance of ARV safety in pregnancy and breastfeeding: towards a new framework [2022]
  • Ending the evidence gap for pregnancy, HIV and co-infections: ethics guidance from the PHASES project [2021]
  • Adapting HIV services for pregnant and breastfeeding women, infants, children, adolescents and families in resource-constrained settings during the COVID-19 pandemic [2020]
  • Retest and treat: a review of national HIV retesting guidelines to inform elimination of mother-to-child HIV transmission (EMTCT) efforts [2019]

• Lancet
  • Estimating the effect of maternal viral load on perinatal and postnatal HIV transmission: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]

• Lancet HIV
  • Probability of vertical HIV transmission: a systematic review and meta-regression [2025]

• UNAIDS
  • 2015 progress report on the global plan towards the elimination of new HIV infections among children and keeping their mothers alive [2015]

• United Nations Children's Fund - UNICEF
  • Elimination of mother-to-child transmission

• Viruses
  • Prevention of the Vertical Transmission of HIV; A Recap of the Journey so Far [2023]
  • A Systematic Review on Cardiometabolic Risks and Perinatal Outcomes among Pregnant Women Living with HIV in the Era of Antiretroviral Therapy [2023]

Iran

• BMC Public Health
  • Prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission program in Iran [2021]

Ireland, United Kingdom

• HIV Medicine
  • Trends in antiretroviral use in pregnancy in the UK and Ireland, 2008-2018 [2022]

• Journal of the International AIDS Society
  • Gestational diabetes in women living with HIV in the UK and Ireland: insights from population-based surveillance data [2023]

Italy

• HIV Medicine
  • Missed opportunities to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Italy [2019]

• Journal of Global Health
  • Evolving treatment implementation among HIV–infected pregnant women and their partners: results from a national surveillance study in Italy, 2001–2015 [2017]

• Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases
  • Pregnancy Loss in Women with HIV is not Associated with HIV Markers: Data from a National Study in Italy, 2001–2018 [2019]

Kenya

• AIDS and Behavior
  • Progress Toward Eliminating Mother to Child Transmission of HIV in Kenya: Review of Treatment Guideline Uptake and Pediatric Transmission at Four Government Hospitals Between 2010 and 2012 [2016]

• BMC Health Services Research
  • Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Kenya: challenges to implementation [2014]

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Evaluation of Kenya’s readiness to transition from sentinel surveillance to routine HIV testing for antenatal clinic-based HIV surveillance [2016]

• BMC Public Health
  • Effects of social health insurance on access and utilization of obstetric health services: results from HIV+ pregnant women in Kenya [2020]

• IeDEA International epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS
  • Cohort profile: measuring adverse pregnancy and newborn congenital outcomes (MANGO) study in Kenya [2025]

Latin America

• Journal of the International AIDS Society
  • Timing of HIV diagnosis relative to pregnancy and postpartum HIV care continuum outcomes among Latin American women, 2000 to 2017 [2021]

Lesotho

• BMC Health Services Research
  • An integrated, multidisciplinary management team intervention to improve patient-centeredness, HIV, and maternal-child outcomes in Lesotho: formative research on participatory implementation strategies [2024]

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Impact of the DREAMS Program on New HIV Diagnoses in Adolescent Girls and Young Women Attending Antenatal Care — Lesotho, 2015–2020 [2022]

• Journal of the International AIDS Society
  • Lesotho's Minimum PMTCT Package: lessons learned for combating vertical HIV transmission using co-packaged medicines [2012]

Low and middle income countries

• AIDS and Behavior
  • HIV Infections and Food Insecurity Among Pregnant Women from Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis [2021]

• AIDS Care
  • Caring for a young child who is HIV exposed and whose HIV status is not yet known: a scoping review of mothers' experiences [2025]

• Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS
  • Use of antiretrovirals during pregnancy and breastfeeding in low-income and middle-income countries [2010]

• International Journal of Infectious Diseases
  • Effectiveness of telemedicine for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]

• Journal of Global Health
  • Evidence on the effectiveness of community-based primary health care in improving HIV/AIDS outcomes for mothers and children in low- and middle-income countries: Findings from a systematic review [2021]

• PLoS ONE
  • Improving male involvement in antenatal care in low and middle-income countries to prevent mother to child transmission of HIV: A realist review [2020]
  • The Uptake of Integrated Perinatal Prevention of Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission Programs in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review [2013]

Low-income countries

• BMC Health Services Research
  • The effectiveness of interventions to involve men living with HIV positive pregnant women in low-income countries: a systematic review of the literature [2019]

Malawi

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Patterns of caesarean section in HIV infected and non-infected women in Malawi: is caesarean section used for PMTCT? [2018]

• BMC Public Health
  • Assessing the effects of maternal HIV infection on pregnancy outcomes using cross-sectional data in Malawi [2020]

• HIV Medicine
  • The National Evaluation of Malawi's PMTCT Program (NEMAPP) study: 24-month HIV-exposed infant outcomes from a prospective cohort study [2022]

• Malawi Medical Journal
  • Supporting the implementation of guidelines to prevent mother-to-child-transmission of HIV in Malawi: a multi-case study [2021]

• Pan African Medical Journal
  • Barriers to successful implementation of prevention-of-mother-to-child-transmission (PMTCT) of HIV programmes in Malawi and Nigeria: a critical literature review study [2014]

• PLoS ONE
  • Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Option B+ for HIV Prevention and Treatment of Mothers and Children in Malawi [2013]

Malaysia

• Annals Academy of Medicine Singapore
  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in pregnancy: a review of the guidelines for preventing mother-to-child transmission in Malaysia [2012]

Middle East, North Africa

• WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
  • Towards the elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV: conceptual framework for the Middle East and North Africa [2012]

Mozambique

• BMC Public Health
  • Over a decade of HIV infection prevalence and incidence among Mozambican pregnant women: a secondary analysis of prospectively collected data [2025]
  • Measuring retention in care for HIV-positive pregnant women in Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT) option B+ programs: the Mozambique experience [2020]

• Journal of the International AIDS Society
  • What does high and low have to do with it? Performance classification to identify health system factors associated with effective prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV delivery in Mozambique [2014]

Myanmar

• International Journal of Maternal and Child Health and AIDS
  • Progress and Challenges of Implementing Decentralized HIV Testing For Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV – Myanmar [2019]

Namibia

• PLoS ONE
  • National-level effectiveness of ART to prevent early mother to child transmission of HIV in Namibia [2020]

Nepal

• BMJ Open
  • Factors affecting antenatal screening for HIV in Nepal: results from Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys 2016 and 2022 [2023]

Netherlands

• PLoS ONE
  • High HIV Prevalence among Asylum Seekers Who Gave Birth in the Netherlands: A Nationwide Study Based on Antenatal HIV Tests [2015]

New Zealand

• Starship
  • HIV - management of infants born to HIV+ mothers

Nigeria

• BMC Public Health
  • Socio-cultural factors influencing the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Nigeria: a synthesis of the literature [2014]

• BMJ Open
  • Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among pregnant women in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]

• Nursing Research and Practice
  • Translating Research into Practice in Low-Resource Countries: Progress in Prevention of Maternal to Child Transmission of HIV in Nigeria [2013]

North America

• Medicine
  • Prevalence of HIV/AIDS among pregnant women in North American region: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]

Oman

• Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal
  • Elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Oman: a success story from the Middle East [2021]

Republic of Guinea

• AIDS Research and Therapy
  • Optimization of the vertical transmission prevention program in Guinea: impact of the improvement plan on performance indicators at large-cohort sites [2024]

Republic of the Congo

• New Microbiologica
  • Pregnancy outcomes following exposure to efavirenz-based antiretroviral therapy in the Republic of Congo [2015]

Rwanda

• BMC Public Health
  • Determinants of comprehensive knowledge on mother-to-child transmission of HIV and its prevention among childbearing women in Rwanda: insights from the 2020 Rwandan Demographic and Health Survey [2023]
  • Impact of maternal ART on mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV at six weeks postpartum in Rwanda [2018]

• BMJ Global Health
  • Child mortality associated with maternal HIV status: a retrospective analysis in Rwanda, 2005-2015 [2021]

• IeDEA International epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS
  • Low birth weight and adverse pregnancy outcomes among women living with HIV and HIV-uninfected in Rwanda [2025]

• International Journal of Infectious Diseases
  • HIV surveillance in Rwanda: readiness assessment to transition from antenatal care-based to prevention of mother-to-child transmission program-based HIV surveillance [2016]

Senegal

• BMC Research Notes
  • HIV prevalence in pregnant women attending antenatal consultations in Senegal in 2021 [2025]

South Africa

• AIDS Research and Therapy
  • Knowledge and determinants of women’s knowledge on vertical transmission of HIV and AIDS in South Africa [2021]

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Impact of antenatal antiretroviral drug exposure on the growth of children who are HIV-exposed uninfected: the national South African Prevention of Mother to Child Evaluation cohort study [2022]

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Contributory factors to partial implementation of prevention of mother to child transmission policy in South Africa [2025]
  • Improved pregnancy outcomes with increasing antiretroviral coverage in South Africa [2016]

• BMC Public Health
  • Missing HIV prevention opportunities in South African children - A 7-year review [2014]

• Current HIV/AIDS Reports
  • Intersecting Epidemics Among Pregnant Women: Alcohol Use, Interpersonal Violence, and HIV Infection in South Africa [2013]

• Journal of Global Health
  • Toward elimination of mother–to–child transmission of HIV in South Africa: how best to monitor early infant infections within the Prevention of Mother–to–Child Transmission Program [2017]
  • Population–level effectiveness of PMTCT Option A on early mother–to–child (MTCT) transmission of HIV in South Africa: implications for eliminating MTCT [2016]

• Journal of the International AIDS Society
  • Optimal timing of viral load monitoring during pregnancy to predict viraemia at delivery in HIV-infected women initiating ART in South Africa: a simulation study [2017]

• PLoS ONE
  • Progress towards the UNAIDS 95-95-95 targets among pregnant women in South Africa: Results from the 2017 and 2019 national Antenatal HIV Sentinel Surveys [2022]
  • Investigating the quality of HIV rapid testing practices in public antenatal health care facilities, South Africa [2022]
  • Recent HIV infection among pregnant women in the 2017 antenatal sentinel cross–sectional survey, South Africa: Assay–based incidence measuremen [2021]
  • The geographic distribution of priority population groups for the elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in South Africa [2020]
  • Awareness of HIV-positive status and linkage to treatment prior to pregnancy in the “test and treat” era: A national antenatal sentinel survey, 2017, South Africa [2020]
  • Growth of HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infants in the First 6 Months of Life in South Africa: The IeDEA-SA Collaboration [2016]
  • Point-of-Care CD4 Testing to Inform Selection of Antiretroviral Medications in South African Antenatal Clinics: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis [2015]

• Scientific Reports
  • The prevalence of unintended pregnancy and its association with HIV status among pregnant women in South Africa, a national antenatal survey, 2019 [2021]

• South African Medical Journal
  • Trends and distribution patterns of infant mortality and maternal HIV positivity in South Africa: A decade review (2007 - 2016) [2024]
  • Population-level risk factors for vertical transmission of HIV in the national prevention of mother-to-child transmission programme in South Africa: An ecological analysis [2022]
  • Stillbirth rate by maternal HIV serostatus and antiretroviral use in pregnancy in South Africa: An audit [2021]

• Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine
  • The updated South African National Guideline for the Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of Communicable Infections (2019) [2020]

Spain

• Medicine
  • New diagnoses of human immunodeficiency virus infection in the Spanish pediatric HIV Cohort (CoRISpe) from 2004 to 2013 [2017]

Sri Lanka

• Ministry of Health Sri Lanka
  • Guidelines for Management of Pregnant Women with HIV Infection 2024 [2024]

Sub-Saharan Africa

• AIDS
  • Incident HIV among pregnant and breastfeeding women in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]
  • Comparison of guidelines for HIV viral load monitoring among pregnant and breastfeeding women in sub-Saharan Africa: a simulation study [2020]

• AIDS and Behavior
  • Meta-analysis of Pregnancy Events in Biomedical HIV Prevention Trials in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for Gender Transformative Trials [2024]

• BMC Health Services Research
  • Determinants of non-testing for HIV among women during antenatal care follow up in sub-saharan Africa: a hierarchical analysis of recent Demographic and Health Survey datasets [2024]

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • A scoping review of mobile health for ART adherence in pregnant and breastfeeding women with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: preferences, acceptability, and privacy concerns [2025]
  • Trends and effects of antiretroviral therapy coverage during pregnancy on mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa. Evidence from panel data analysis [2022]
  • What will it take for the Global Plan priority countries in Sub-Saharan Africa to eliminate mother-to-child transmission of HIV? [2019]

• BMC Medicine
  • Epilepsy management in pregnant HIV+ women in sub-Saharan Africa, clinical aspects to consider: a scoping review [2020]

• BMC Public Health
  • Effect of maternal HIV infection on birth outcomes among HIV positive women in Sub Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]
  • Adherence to option B + antiretroviral therapy and associated factors in pregnant and breastfeeding women in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]

• Current HIV/AIDS Reports
  • Adherence to HIV Care after Pregnancy among Women in Sub-Saharan Africa: Falling Off the Cliff of the Treatment Cascade [2015]
  • Antiretroviral drug regimens to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV: a review of scientific, program, and policy advances for sub-Saharan Africa [2013]

• International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Elimination of Mother-To-Child Transmission of HIV Infection: The Drug Resource Enhancement against AIDS and Malnutrition Model [2015]

• Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes
  • Improving Retention in Care Among Pregnant Women and Mothers Living With HIV: Lessons From INSPIRE and Implications for Future WHO Guidance and Monitoring [2017]
  • Towards Comprehensive Women's Healthcare in Sub-Saharan Africa: Addressing Intersections Between HIV, Reproductive and Maternal Health [2014]

• Journal of the International AIDS Society
  • Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis initiation, continuation and adherence among pregnant and postpartum women receiving antenatal and postnatal care: a systematic review [2025]
  • HIV acquisition in pregnancy: implications for mother-to-child transmission at the population level in sub-Saharan Africa [2021]
  • Antenatal care and uptake of HIV testing among pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa: a cross-sectional study [2016]
  • Barriers and facilitating factors to the uptake of antiretroviral drugs for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review [2013]

• Medicine
  • Implementation effectiveness of revised (post-2010) World Health Organization guidelines on prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV using routinely collected data in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic literature review [2017]

• PLoS Medicine
  • Estimating the impact of alternative programmatic cotrimoxazole strategies on mortality among children born to mothers with HIV: A modelling study [2024]

• PLoS ONE
  • Predictors of maternal HIV acquisition during pregnancy and lactation in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and narrative synthesis [2024]
  • Knowledge of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV among reproductive age women in high HIV/AIDS prevalent countries: A multilevel analysis of recent Demographic and Health Surveys [2023]
  • Uninterrupted HIV treatment for women: Policies and practices for care transitions during pregnancy and breastfeeding in Côte d’Ivoire, Lesotho and Malawi [2021]
  • Knowledge about mother to child transmission of HIV/AIDS, its prevention and associated factors among reproductive-age women in sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from 33 countries recent Demographic and Health Surveys [2021]

• Public Health Reviews
  • The impact of programs for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV on health care services and systems in sub-Saharan Africa - A review [2018]

• Tropical Medicine & International Health
  • The impact of Option B+ on mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Africa: A systematic review [2022]

• World Health Organization
  • Safeguarding the future: giving priority to the needs of adolescent and young mothers living with HIV [2021]

Sweden

• Infectious Diseases
  • Prophylaxis and treatment of HIV infection in pregnancy, Swedish guidelines 2024 [2024]

Switzerland

• BMJ Open
  • Cohort profile: the Swiss Mother and Child HIV Cohort Study (MoCHiV) [2024]

• HIV Medicine
  • Trends in preterm birth in women living with HIV in Switzerland over the last three decades: A multicentric, prospective, cohort study [2024]

• Swiss Medical Weekly
  • The rate of mother-to-child transmission of antiretroviral drug-resistant HIV strains is low in the Swiss Mother and Child HIV Cohort Study [2019]

Tanzania

• AIDS Research and Therapy
  • Does facility readiness promote high-quality of provider-initiated HIV testing and counseling to pregnant women? A national survey for improving policy of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Tanzania [2021]

• BMC Public Health
  • Development and promotion of a national website to improve dissemination of information related to the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) in Tanzania [2015]

• Global Health Action
  • Under-five mortality and maternal HIV status in Tanzania: analysis of trends between 2003 and 2012 using AIDS Indicator Survey data [2016]

• PLoS ONE
  • HIV burden and the global fast-track targets progress among pregnant women in Tanzania calls for intensified case finding: Analysis of 2020 antenatal clinics HIV sentinel site surveillance [2023]
  • Hematological Changes in Women and Infants Exposed to an AZT-Containing Regimen for Prevention of Mother-to-Child-Transmission of HIV in Tanzania [2013]

Thailand

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Elimination of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV — Thailand [2016]

• Journal of the International AIDS Society
  • Implementation of an active case management network to identify HIV-positive infants and accelerate the initiation of antiretroviral therapy, Thailand 2015 to 2018 [2020]
  • Uptake of early infant diagnosis in Thailand’s national program for preventing mother-to-child HIV transmission and linkage to care, 2008–2011 [2016]

• Journal of Virus Eradication
  • History of the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Thailand [2016]

Uganda

• AIDS Research and Therapy
  • The yield of HIV testing during pregnancy and postnatal period, Uganda, 2015–2018: analysis of surveillance data [2021]

• Scientific Reports
  • An impact evaluation of the national prevention of mother to child HIV transmission program and MTCT associated factors in Uganda 2017-2019 [2025]

United Kingdom

• British HIV Association
  • BHIVA guidelines on the management of HIV in pregnancy and the postpartum period 2025 [2025]
  • British HIV Association guidelines on the management of opportunistic infection in people living with HIV: Considerations in pregnancy 2024 [2024]
  • British HIV Association guidelines for the management of HIV in pregnancy and postpartum 2018 [2019]
  • UK national clinical audit: management of pregnancies in women with HIV [2017]

• HSC Public Health Agency
  • Guidelines for the management of HIV positive pregnant women in Northern Ireland [2023]

• Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency
  • Dolutegravir (Tivicay, Triumeq, Juluca): updated advice on increased risk of neural tube defects [2020]
  • Elvitegravir boosted with cobicistat: avoid use in pregnancy due to risk of treatment failure and maternal-to-child transmission of HIV-1 [2019]

• NHS England
  • ISOSS HIV report (for pregnancies between 1 April 2022- 31 March 2023)

• Scottish Perinatal Network
  • Management of Infants exposed to HIV in pregnancy [2024]

• UK National Screening Committee
  • Human immunodeficiency virus

United States

• Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
  • Screening for HIV Infection in Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force [2019]

• AIDS
  • Missed opportunities for prevention of mother-to-child transmission in the United States [2015]

• AIDS Patient Care and STDs
  • Trends in Neonatal Prophylaxis and Predictors of Combination Antiretroviral Prophylaxis in US Infants from 1990 to 2015 [2018]
  • Trends in Antiretroviral Drug Use During Pregnancy Among HIV-Infected Women on Medicaid: 2000–2007 [2014]

• American Academy of Pediatrics
  • HIV Testing and Prophylaxis to Prevent Mother-to-Child Transmission in the United States [2008]

• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
  • Prenatal and Perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Testing - Expanded Recommendations [2018]
  • Labor and Delivery Management of Women With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection [2018]

• American Family Physician
  • Management of Infants Born to Mothers with HIV Infection [2021]

• Clinicalinfo
  • Recommendations for the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs in Pregnant Women with HIV Infection and Interventions to Reduce Perinatal HIV Transmission in the United States

• Current HIV/AIDS Reports
  • HIV and Pregnancy: Navigating Complex Decision Making and Preventing Perinatal Transmission [2025]
  • Antiretroviral Therapy in Pregnancy: A 2023 Review of the Literature [2024]

• Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Management of HIV Infection during Pregnancy in the United States: Updated Evidence-Based Recommendations and Future Potential Practices [2016]
  • The Effects of Viral Load Burden on Pregnancy Loss among HIV-Infected Women in the United States [2015]

• International Journal of STD & AIDS
  • Characteristics associated with lack of HIV testing during pregnancy and delivery in 36 U.S. states, 2004-2013 [2018]

• JAMA Network Open
  • Routine Vaccination During Pregnancy Among People Living With HIV in the United States [2024]
  • Marijuana, Opioid, and Alcohol Use Among Pregnant and Postpartum Individuals Living With HIV in the US [2021]
  • Antiretroviral Prescribing Practices Among Pregnant Women Living With HIV in the United States, 2008-2017 [2019]

• Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes
  • Repeat Pregnancies Among US Women Living with HIV in the SMARTT Study: Temporal Changes in HIV Disease Status and Predictors of Preterm Birth [2020]

• National Institutes of Health
  • HIV Prevention Guidelines in Pregnant Women

• New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute
  • Perinatal HIV Prevention
  • HIV Testing During Pregnancy, at Delivery, and Postpartum

• PLoS ONE
  • Mode of Delivery among HIV-Infected Pregnant Women in Philadelphia, 2005-2013 [2015]

• Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine
  • SMFM Special Statement: Updated checklists for pregnancy management in persons with HIV [2020]

WHO

• World Health Organization
  • WHO consultation on the use of broadly neutralizing antibodies for postnatal prophylaxis against the vertical transmission of HIV: meeting report, 22–23 May and 25 November 2024 [2025]
  • Strengthening the delivery of HIV testing services and linkage to care during pregnancy and postpartum for elimination of mother-to-child transmission: implementation brief [2024]
  • Approaches to enhance and accelerate study of new drugs for HIV and associated infections in pregnant women [2021]
  • WHO recommendation: Elective C-section should not be routinely recommended to women living with HIV [2018]
  • WHO technical brief: preventing HIV during pregnancy and breastfeeding in the context of PrEP [2017]
  • Male involvement in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV [2012]
  • Towards the elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV: report of a WHO technical consultation, 9-11 November 2010, Geneva, Switzerland [2011]
  • Meeting report: 2011 annual meeting of the interagency task team on prevention and treatment of HIV infection in pregnant women, mothers and their children [2011]
  • Rapid advice: use of antiretroviral drugs for treating pregnant women and preventing HIV infection in infants. Version 2 [2010]
  • PMTCT strategic vision 2010-2015 : preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV to reach the UNGASS and Millennium Development Goals : moving towards the elimination of paediatric HIV, December 2009 [2010]
  • Antiretroviral drugs for treating pregnant women and preventing HIV infection in infants [2010]
  • Guidance on global scale-up of the prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV : towards universal access for women, infants and young children and eliminating HIV and AIDS among children [2007]
  • Nutrition counselling, care and support for HIV-infected women : guidelines on HIV-related care, treatment and support for HIV-infected women and their children in resource-limited settings [2004]
  • Pregnant and lactating women and girls
  • Mother-to-child transmission of HIV
  • Data on the HIV response

Zambia

• Archives of Public Health
  • Estimating levels of HIV testing coverage and use in prevention of mother-to-child transmission among women of reproductive age in Zambia [2018]

• BMC Infectious Diseases
  • Feasibility of using infant testing during immunization to estimate HIV mother-to-child-transmission rates in Zambia [2021]

• BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
  • Longitudinal adherence to antiretroviral drugs for preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Zambia [2015]

• Frontiers in Public Health
  • Effectiveness of Lifelong ART (Option B+) in the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV Programme in Zambia: Observations Based on Routinely Collected Health Data [2020]
  • Increasing Proportion of HIV-Infected Pregnant Zambian Women Attending Antenatal Care Are Already on Antiretroviral Therapy (2010–2015) [2019]

• Lancet Global Health
  • Cost-effectiveness of intervention combinations towards the elimination of vertical transmission of HIV in limited-resource settings: a mathematical modelling study [2024]

• PLoS ONE
  • Health Outcomes and Cost Impact of the New WHO 2013 Guidelines on Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV in Zambia [2014]

Zimbabwe

• BMC Health Services Research
  • Using the critical path method to rollout and optimise new PMTCT guidelines to eliminate mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Zimbabwe: a descriptive analysis [2020]

• Clinical Infectious Diseases
  • Cost-effectiveness of World Health Organization 2010 Guidelines for Prevention of Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission in Zimbabwe [2013]

• Journal of the International AIDS Society
  • Use of data from various sources to evaluate and improve the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV programme in Zimbabwe: a data integration exercise [2020]

• Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
  • Implementation and Uptake of Raltegravir Granules in Newborns Diagnosed With HIV Through Birth Testing in Maternity Settings in Zimbabwe During the COVID-19 Pandemic [2023]

• PLoS Medicine
  • What Will It Take to Eliminate Pediatric HIV? Reaching WHO Target Rates of Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission in Zimbabwe: A Model-Based Analysis [2012]

• PLoS ONE
  • Patient costs for prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission and antiretroviral therapy services in public health facilities in Zimbabwe [2021]
  • Costs and economies of scale in the accelerated program for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Zimbabwe [2020]
  • Evaluating the Impact of Zimbabwe’s Prevention of Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission Program: Population-Level Estimates of HIV-Free Infant Survival Pre-Option A [2015]
  • Integration of Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT) Postpartum Services with Other HIV Care and Treatment Services within the Maternal and Child Health Setting in Zimbabwe, 2012 [2014]

{Related topics}

• Topic
  • Sexually transmitted infections in pregnancy
  • Neonatal infections
  • Infections in pregnancy
  • HIV/AIDS in children and adolescents
  • HIV/AIDS and breastfeeding/infant feeding
  • HIV/AIDS