Module 2: Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment
Barriers to expanding or improving sexuality education
- Afghanistan
- Homa Kabiri - Malalai Maternity Hospital, Kabul, Afghanistan
Homa Kabiri - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment
1. Talking about sexuality is taboo in Afghanistan.
2. Most of people of Afghanistan are illiterate.
3. Only small number of girls enters school and only little number of them in the cities finishes the school.
4. Afghanistan is a man domain country and men have different perception of the women rights.
5. Religious leaders.
6. Awareness of Afghan people is very low about STDs and HIV.
7. Ministry of Public Health (lack of technical staff, poor communication with other ministries and stakeholders).
8. The health seeking behavior is poor among adolescents due to cultural, economical and low knowledge reasons.
9. In Afghanistan most of the men refuse using condom, or even don’t allow his wife to use contraceptives.
Idrees Anwar - Public Health Department, Kabul Medical University, Kabul, Afghanistan
Idrees Anwar - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment - 1. Insecurity.
2. Low level of education of community.
3. Custom and culture.
4. No curricula of sexual education in schools.
5. Low level of information of school teachers.
6. Role of Ministry of Public Health.
Palwasha Anwari - Epidemiology Department, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, USA
Palwasha Anwari - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment
1. Socially and culturally conservative and closed society.
2. Education on sexuality and reproduction health is regarded as a taboo and sin.
3. Lack of defined values for gender, relationships, sexuality and reproduction in family and society levels.
4. Misconception on education on sexuality.
5. Lack of knowledge and awareness on the importance of this topic at all levels.
6. Lack of pragmatic policies and strategies to address the need of education on sexuality and reproduction.
7. Lack of access to formal education (schools) of all children and young population.
8. Lack of strong and friendly family relationship.
- Homa Kabiri - Malalai Maternity Hospital, Kabul, Afghanistan
- Cameroon
- Roger Dongmo - Direction of Human Resources, Ministry of Public Health, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Roger Dongmo - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment
- 1. Absence of real action to implement adolescent reproductive health.
2. Lack of national guidelines for sexuality education in school.
3. Abstinence as only method of prevention of HIV/STI’s recommended by some institutions.
4. Existence of two different systems of education.
5. Existence of too many community based associations without any coordination and supervision.
6. Absence of sexuality education in must youth friendly structures or services.
7. Consideration of sexuality question as taboo.
8. General silence about gender.base violence, sexual abuses and harmful practices.
9. General poverty and corruption.
- Roger Dongmo - Direction of Human Resources, Ministry of Public Health, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Democratic Republic of Congo
- Frédéric Nasibu Kalombola - Centro universitario per la cooperazione internazionale - Università degli studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
Frédéric Nasibu Kalombola - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment - 1. Mores and customs.
2. Religious barrier.
3. Scarce information sources.
4. Poverty and promiscuity.
5. War.
6. The failure of the state.
Jean-José Wolomby-Molondo - Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Clinics of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
Jean-José Wolomby-Molondo - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment
1. Many people don’t know what means exactly “sexuality education”.
2. The issue is addressed by two ministries: Ministry of Public Health and the Ministry of Primary, Secondary and Professional Schools.
3. A national policy exists but not well known.
4. The lack of skilled teachers in the domain of sexuality education.
5. Difficulties to integrate sexuality education curricula in “classic teaching programme”.
- Frédéric Nasibu Kalombola - Centro universitario per la cooperazione internazionale - Università degli studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
- Ethiopia
- Mengistu Asnake Kibret - Pathfinder International Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Mengistu Asnake Kibret - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment - 1. Gap between current policy/strategy and program implementation.
2. Taboo.
3. Lack of institutionalization of NGOs programs within the public sector.
4. Long standing acceptance of intimate partner physical and sexual violence as a traditional norm.
5. Family life education with some components of sexuality education discontinued without being scaled up.
6. Adolescent sexuality issues are not getting the necessary attention.
7. Little evidence on the magnitude and the impact of in-country efforts in the areas of adolescent sexuality.
- Mengistu Asnake Kibret - Pathfinder International Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Ghana
- Chris Opoku Fofie - Upper West Regional Hospital, Wa Upper West Region, Ghana
Chris Opoku Fofie - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment - 1. Religious positions in favour of abstinence and against sexuality education.
2. Inability of the people to analyse or question religious positions.
3. Lack of political will.
4. Lack of teachers or trainer with the right skills to impart sexuality education.
5. High number of children out of formal education.
6. Inadequate material resources.
- Chris Opoku Fofie - Upper West Regional Hospital, Wa Upper West Region, Ghana
- Guatemala
- Jorge Lionel Linares - Maternidad Periférica Zona 13, Guatemala City, Guatemala
Jorge Lionel Linares - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment - 1. Language barriers.
2. Cultural aspects.
3. Religion matters.
4. Poor access to the educational system among indigenous people in rural areas.
5. School’s lack of promotion for sexual education.
6. Lack of “friendly” health services for adolescents.
- Jorge Lionel Linares - Maternidad Periférica Zona 13, Guatemala City, Guatemala
- India
- Sita Shankar Wunnava - PATH (India Office), New Delhi, India
Sita Shankar Wunnava - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment - 1. Lack of uniform and comprehensive reproductive health and sexuality education.
2. Orthodox beliefs and traditional practices.
3. Gaps in inter-sectoral collaboration and convergence.
4. Lack of political and bureaucratic will.
5. Non-availability of adequate and appropriately trained personnel.
6. Lack of resources to reach the last mile.
7. Sexuality education camouflaged under life skills education.
- Sita Shankar Wunnava - PATH (India Office), New Delhi, India
- Indonesia
- John Johannes Wantania - Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sam Ratulangi, Manado, Indonesia
John Johannes Wantania - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment - 1. Religious perspectives.
2. Traditional attitudes (taboos).
3. Minimal support from government.
4. Curricula in school only for teach, not to solve problems.
5. Multiethnic community, religion and culture.
6. Community and even teachers knowledge are very limited.
7. High number of marginal communities as a most vulnerable group.
- John Johannes Wantania - Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sam Ratulangi, Manado, Indonesia
- Iraq
- Maysoon Jabir - Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq
Maysoon Jabir - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment - 1. Parents are not well prepared to talk freely about sexuality education with their children.
2. Teachers are not trained to provide such information.
3. School curricula lack clarity and orientation about sexuality education.
4. Schools do not teach effectively communication and negotiation skills, assertiveness and other skills that help empower young people.
5. Human rights are newly introduced in the school curricula.
6. Young people lack services where to get the correct information.
7. Doctors and medical staff are not trained to handle such issues.
- Maysoon Jabir - Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq
- Italy
- Francesca Occhi - Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, San Raffaele University Hospital, Milan, Italy
Francesca Occhi - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment - Cultural/religious barriers.
Delay in educating.
Educators.
Sexual education not recognized as a real school subject, but covered in other subjects (e.g. biology).
Lack of importance to the meaning of sexual education, considered as a facultative appendix.
Lack of sensitivity of the general population to the importance of sexual education as a tool to improve a new healthy generation.
- Francesca Occhi - Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, San Raffaele University Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Kenya
- Asma Ali - Centro universitario per la cooperazione internazionale - Università degli studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
Asma Ali - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment - 1. Beliefs about sexuality.
2. Beliefs about the role of the family and marriages.
3. Restrictive laws and policies.
4. The subject not part of primary education curriculum.
5. Lack of training on sexuality education to health workers/head teachers and religious leaders.
6. National health priorities.
Bonventure Ameyo Masakhwe - Centro universitario per la cooperazione internazionale - Università degli studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
Bonventure Ameyo Masakhwe - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment
1. Lack of evidence-based approaches.
2. Traditional practices, taboos and myths about sexual education.
3. Lack of a comprehensive youth involvement.
4. Gender inequality.
5. Poverty and lack of education.
Erick Mudanya Sagwa - Family Health Options Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
Erick Mudanya Sagwa - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment
1. Cultural sensitivity of the matter.
2. Religion.
3. Lack of inter-sectoral collaboration.
4. Lack of funds.
5. Lack of clear strategies to address adolescent issues.
6. Lack of support structures.
7. Neglect of the field for a long time.
8. Negative attitude from providers.
9. Inadequate trained personnel on adolescent sexual reproductive health.
10. Lack of information on youth and adolescent sexual reproductive health.
11. Lack of recognition of the youth as special group.
Ronnie Odiwuor Asino - Nyanza Reproductive Health Society, Kisumu, Kenya
Ronnie Odiwuor Asino - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment
1. Low community and young people’s participation in sexual and reproductive health (SRH) education program development.
2. Perception among parents and some community leaders that sexuality education encourages ‘negative sexuality’ or risky sexual behaviour among young people.
3. Lack of specific teacher training on sexuality and reproductive health education.
4. Inconsistency in monitoring of SRH education programs i.e. topical issues to be covered.
5. Low research work in young people sexuality.
- Asma Ali - Centro universitario per la cooperazione internazionale - Università degli studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
- Liberia
- Jefferson Sibley - Centro universitario per la cooperazione internazionale - Università degli studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
Jefferson Sibley - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment - 1. Cultural norms/concepts.
2. National policies on sexuality education that are not reinforced.
3. Socio-economic problems.
4. Programs that should serve as legitimate entry point for sexuality education do not provide such corridor.
5. Rural versus urban institutions.
6. No formal training of sexuality education for service providers.
- Jefferson Sibley - Centro universitario per la cooperazione internazionale - Università degli studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
- Lithuania
- Mindaugas Stankunas - Kaunas University of Medicine, Kaunas, Lithuania
Mindaugas Stankunas - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment - 1. Religious and traditional attitudes.
2. Lack of competence of teachers.
3. Concerns from parents.
4. Absence of multisectoral teamwork.
5. Lack of training materials.
- Mindaugas Stankunas - Kaunas University of Medicine, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Macedonia
- Gabriela Tavcioska - University Pediatric Clinic, Skopje, Macedonia
Gabriela Tavcioska - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment - 1. Talking about sexuality traditionally is taboo in many areas in Macedonia, mostly rural.
2. Conservative social and cultural settings.
3. Sexual education is not part of formal education in our schools.
4. Lack of declarative support by community members.
5. Lack of cooperation between community sectors (health, non-government organizations, schools).
- Gabriela Tavcioska - University Pediatric Clinic, Skopje, Macedonia
- Malaysia
- Prachi Renjhen - Melaka Manipal Medical College, Melaka, Malaysia
Prachi Renjhen - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment - 1. There is a misconception, in the mind of teachers and parents, that sex education will encourage sexual activity.
2. Parents are shy to talk on sexuality related topics with their children.
3. Teachers state that they lack training to impart this knowledge.
4. Religious leaders.
5. In Malaysia contraception is forbidden to unmarried couples and adolescents.
- Prachi Renjhen - Melaka Manipal Medical College, Melaka, Malaysia
- Mozambique
- Marilena Urso - Catholic University of Mozambique, Beira, Mozambique
Marilena Urso - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment - 1. Traditional culture.
2. Confused role of families often with children of different mothers and fathers.
3. Gender inequalities and women with little independence and possibility of self-determination.
4. Poverty.
5. Difficulties in introduction of sexual health in high school curriculum.
6. Mixed religion setting.
7. Poor access to efficient education.
8. Misleading campaigns giving more emphasis to sexual abstinence and leaving aside the role of condoms.
9. HIV epidemics: vulnerable children and orphans.
10. Lack of sexual education at primary education level.
- Marilena Urso - Catholic University of Mozambique, Beira, Mozambique
- Nepal
- Chandra Thapa - MITRA Samaj, Sanepa, Lalitpur, Nepal
Chandra Thapa - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment - 1. Socio-cultural setting.
2. Poor budget allocation.
3. Inadequate human resources, lack of capacity.
4. Political will at national level.
- Chandra Thapa - MITRA Samaj, Sanepa, Lalitpur, Nepal
- Nigeria
- Aminu Magashi Garba - Targeted States High Impact Project, Bauchi, Nigeria
Aminu Magashi Garba - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment
1. Sexuality education is a sensitive issue.
2. Inadequate and/or lack of political will.
3. Inadequate human and financial resources.
4. Donor dependency.
5. Systemic problems within the education sector.
6. Inadequate capacity and knowledge of teaching staff.
7. Over crowded curricula.
8. Over blowing issues out of proportion by the media.
9. Top bottom approach.
10. Opposition to the implementation by religious group.
Kurfi Abubakar Muhammed - USAID/Community Participation for Action in the Social Sector Project, Katsina, Nigeria
Kurfi Abubakar Muhammed - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment
1. Lack of political will and commitment on the part of government to address sexual and reproductive health needs of the country.
2. Mass illiteracy.
3. Negative socio cultural and religious practices.
4. Gender inequality and discrimination.
5. Poverty.
Lamaran Makama Dattijo - Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
Lamaran Makama Dattijo - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment - 1. Access to the target groups.
2. Taboo.
3. Foreign influence.
4. Religious organizations.
5. New concept.
6. It is not part of the school curriculum.
7. No guideline available to school teachers on sexuality education.
8. Few teachers, policy makers and parents have good understanding of sexuality education.
9. No enabling laws to entrench sexuality education into the school curriculum, media educational and youth –based programmes.
10. Funding of capacity development of stakeholders on sexuality education.
Oluwaseun Ayoola Ojomo - Association for Reproductive and Family Health, Ibadan, Nigeria
Oluwaseun Ayoola Ojomo - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment
1. Government policy issues.
2. Ignorance.
3. Cultural and religious values.
4. Poverty.
5. Poor knowledge of teachers.
6. Parent-child-communication.
7. Few peer educators.
Oluyemi Peter Atibioke - Association for Reproductive and Family Health, Ibadan, Nigeria
Oluyemi Peter Atibioke - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment
1. Cultural and religious inhibition.
2. Paucity of trained personnel.
3. Lack of financial resources to implement the project.
4. Exclusion of out of school and other vulnerable groups in the programme.
5. Lack of functional youth friendly services.
6. Lack of routine operations research on the efficacy of comprehensive sexuality education.
7. Poor public enlightenment and awareness.
8. Lack of adequate monitoring and evaluation on the part of Ministry of education.
9. Young people and other stakeholders are not actively involved in curriculum design and implementation.
- Aminu Magashi Garba - Targeted States High Impact Project, Bauchi, Nigeria
- Rwanda
- David Ntirushwa - Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rwinkwavu Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda
David Ntirushwa - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment - 1. Culture and social related stigma to talking about sexuality.
2. Church teaching and abstinence only based approach to sexual education.
3. Lack of enough qualified educators to address issues related to sexuality and sexual education.
4. Negative beliefs about sex.
5. Privacy.
6. Sexual vocabulary.
7. Poor communication between parents and children about sex.
8. Negative beliefs about comprehensive sexual education as an increasing factor to early sexuality.
9. Existing gender norms and power disparities about deciding sex and talking about sex between men and women.
- David Ntirushwa - Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rwinkwavu Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda
- Sudan
- Khalifa Elmusharaf - Department of Public Health, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
Khalifa Elmusharaf - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment - 1. Sex education phobia.
2. Talking about sex is prohibited and not appropriate.
3. Sexuality education leads to permissiveness.
4. Misunderstanding of the meaning of ‘sexuality education’.
5. Low school enrolment rate.
Mohamed Salih Mahfouz - Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
Mohamed Salih Mahfouz - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment
1. Individual barriers.
2. Cultural barriers.
3. Families concern.
4. Political system.
5. Institutional barriers.
Mohammed Alhafiz Abdallah - WHO Zalingei Office, Zalingei, West Darfur State, Sudan
Mohammed Alhafiz Abdallah - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment
1. Religious men, who believe in marriage and abstinence; talking about sex is forbidden, it can initiate sexual activities.
2. High illiteracy rates, especially in countryside and women.
3. Traditions and values, most of people believe in that this is against the traditions.
4. Denial of having problems related to sex from officials.
5. Civil war and conflicts.
6. Gender based discriminations.
7. Parents are escaping to answer sex related questions.
Nasr Mohamed Abdalla - Sudan Fertility Care Association, Khartoum, Sudan
Nasr Mohamed Abdalla - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment
1. Individuals, families and communities feel shy to talk about sexuality in the presence of young people.
2. Some religious leaders prohibit others talking to young people about sexuality issues.
3. At a country level, international and UN agencies have no clear activities relevant to sexuality education.
4. The national RH program at Ministry of Health does not include sexuality education in its policy or strategy.
5. The educational curricula at school and university levels don't include sexuality education.
Shahad Mahmoud Hussein - Soba University Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan
Shahad Mahmoud Hussein - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment
1. Cultural disapproval of sexual education viewing it as a scandal rather than scientific knowledge.
2. Ignorance of parents to consequences of sexual unawareness.
3. Lack of scientific approaches of mass media in drawing attention of adolescents or general population to proper sexual behavior.
4. Lack of inclusion of information on sexual behavior in schools curricula, universities or even to parents or teachers.
5. Ignorance and embarrassment of adolescents to seek knowledge or advice from parents.
6. Lack of access to proper approved scientific resources for adolescents.
7. Lack of adolescents and specially girls/women of decision-making and control over ones’ own sexual behavior.
8. Belief that awareness on sexual education encourages out of culture and religion approved sexual activities.
Sophie Busi - UNICEF Southern Sudan Area Office, Juba, Sudan
Sophie Busi - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment
1. Cultural norms do not allow discussions on sex and sexuality especially among the adolescents.
2. Bride price practices that dominate most of the nomadic communities hinder sexuality education.
3. Religion- Islam and Christianity do not encourage discussion on sex and choice on whether to have children or not.
4. Effects of the war – people are more concerned about their survival and basic needs.
5. Reservations about condom usage.
- Khalifa Elmusharaf - Department of Public Health, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
- Uganda
- Peter James Ibembe - Reproductive Health Uganda, Kampala, Uganda
Peter James Ibembe - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment - 1. Cultural, religious and societal norms.
2. Legal aspects.
3. Inadequate knowledge and skills.
4. Inadequate or insensitive implementation of current SRHR policies or guidelines.
5. Poor funding of adolescent reproductive health programmes.
6. Illiteracy.
7. Political pressures.
- Peter James Ibembe - Reproductive Health Uganda, Kampala, Uganda
- Ukraine
- Anna Yermachenko - Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Donetsk National Medical University, Donetsk, Ukraine
Anna Yermachenko - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment -
1. Lack of knowledge about sexuality among teachers and doctors.
2. Absence of special educational programmes at the secondary and high school levels.
3. Religious taboo.
4. Negative attitude to open discussion about sexual and reproductive health issues in Ukrainian society.
5. Fear to increase adolescents’ interest to sex.
6. Strong association between sexuality and pornography, drugs and HIV in Ukrainian people mind.
7. Governmental structures lay responsibility for sexual education on families only.
- Anna Yermachenko - Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Donetsk National Medical University, Donetsk, Ukraine
- Yemen
- Ebtissam Mohammed Dayah - Nursing Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Hodeidah University, Hodeidah, Yemen
Ebtissam Mohammed Dayah - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment
1. The strong resistance to sexuality education by the community.
2. Abstinence-based approaches are prioritized in school-based HIV prevention programmes.
3. Unavailability of adequately trained teachers for sexuality education.
4. Unavailability of appropriate teaching and learning materials.
5. Overcrowding of schools.
Nabiha Al-Abhar - Ministry of Public Health and Population, Sana'A, Yemen
Nabiha Al-Abhar - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment - 1. Strong resistance towards sexuality education.
2. Poor conditions in schools; crowded and inhospitable classrooms that undermine participatory teaching methods.
3. Limited materials and resources.
4. Making space for sexuality education within an already overcrowded curriculum is challenging that lead to the prioritization.
5. Low teacher morale coupled with poor supervision and support from school administrators.
6. Limited number of trained teachers.
- Ebtissam Mohammed Dayah - Nursing Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Hodeidah University, Hodeidah, Yemen
- Zambia
- Nkunda Kasongo Vundamina - REPRONET-Africa, Lusaka, Zambia
Nkunda Kasongo Vundamina - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment - 1. Cultural barriers.
2. Knowledge barrier.
3. Religious barriers.
4. Political barriers.
5. Legal barriers.
6. Individual barriers.
7. Limitations of programmes and education equality.
- Nkunda Kasongo Vundamina - REPRONET-Africa, Lusaka, Zambia
- Zimbabwe
- Delice Gwaze - Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Versoix, Switzerland
Delice Gwaze - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment - 1. Culturally, boys and girls are taught about sexual issues separately by aunties and uncles respectively.
2. Religious beliefs.
3. Inaccessibility of resources.
4. Separated or isolated projects.
5. Society not sure at what age sexuality education should commence.
Hilda Musonza - Bokamoso Private Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana
Hilda Musonza - Evidence based approaches to sexuality education for adolescents - Assignment
1. Ignorance and embarrassment hinder expansion of sexuality education.
2. Some cultures are still a barrier to improving and expanding sexuality education as they violate young people’s rights.
3. Most schools cannot afford to pay their teachers well, sexuality education is not considered an important subject.
4. Sexuality education is introduced late in most settings.
5. Young people are suffering discrimination by health care providers.
6. With the current economic hardships in Zimbabwe, resources are still a barrier to expansion of sexuality education.
- Delice Gwaze - Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Versoix, Switzerland