Labor, delivery, postpartum

Guidelines, reviews, epidemiology

Breech presentation

• Australia
  • Better Safer Care
    • Breech presentation: diagnosis and management
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Uptake of external cephalic version for term breech presentation: an Australian population study, 2002–2012 [2017]
  • NSW Health
    • Maternity - Supporting Women Planning a Vaginal Breech Birth
    • Maternity - External Cephalic Version
  • SA Health
    • Breech Presentation
• Australia, New Zealand
  • Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
    • Management of breech presentation [2021]
• Brazil
  • Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira
    • Elective cesarean section for term breech delivery [2015]
• Canada
  • Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
    • Management of Breech Presentation at Term [2019]
• China, Spain
  • International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia
    • Systematic review of the effectiveness of remifentanil in term breech pregnancies undergoing external cephalic version [2023]
• Europe, United States
  • American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
    • Cesarean delivery is associated with lower neonatal mortality among breech pregnancies: a systematic review and meta-analysis of preterm deliveries <=32 weeks of gestation [2024]
• Finland
  • Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics
    • Birth injury in breech delivery: a nationwide population-based cohort study in Finland [2023]
    • Risk factors for adverse outcomes in vaginal preterm breech labor [2021]
    • Term cesarean breech delivery in the first pregnancy is associated with an increased risk for maternal and neonatal morbidity in the subsequent delivery: a national cohort study [2020]
    • A comparison of risk factors for breech presentation in preterm and term labor: a nationwide, population-based case–control study [2020]
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Neonatal outcome in vaginal breech labor at 32 + 0-36 + 0 weeks of gestation: a nationwide, population-based record linkage study [2022]
• France, Belgium
  • Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
    • Is induction of labor a reasonable option for breech presentation? [2019]
• Germany
  • Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde
    • Current Approach for External Cephalic Version in Germany [2020]
  • PLoS ONE
    • New MRI Criteria for Successful Vaginal Breech Delivery in Primiparae [2016]
• International
  • Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
    • Term breech presentation-Intended cesarean section versus intended vaginal delivery-A systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Revisiting the management of term breech presentation: a proposal for overcoming some of the controversies [2020]
  • Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
    • Cephalic version by moxibustion for breech presentation [2023]
  • Journal of Global Health
    • Maternal and fetal risks of planned vaginal breech delivery vs planned caesarean section for term breech birth: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]
  • Medical Journal of Malaysia
    • Reconsideration of planned vaginal breech delivery in selected cases [2021]
  • Médecins Sans Frontières
    • Breech presentation [2019]
  • Systematic Reviews
    • Effect of anesthesia on the success rate of external cephalic version: GRADE- assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials [2024]
  • Women and Birth
    • Breech presentation management: A critical review of leading clinical practice guidelines [2022]
• Ireland
  • Ireland's Health Services
    • The Management of Breech Presentation [2017]
• Low and middle income countries
  • Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
    • Malpresentation in low- and middle-income countries: associations with perinatal and maternal outcomes in the Global Network [2019]
• New Zealand
  • New Zealand College of Midwives
    • Singleton breech presentation at term: Review of the evidence and international guidelines for application to the New Zealand context [2018]
• New Zealand, United Kingdom, United States
  • European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
    • Not too fast, not too slow: A review of historical trends in vaginal breech time management [2023]
• Norway
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Adherence to guidelines and suboptimal practice in term breech delivery with perinatal death- a population-based case-control study in Norway [2019]
    • Vaginal breech delivery: results of a prospective registration study [2013]
  • Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare
    • Use of external cephalic version for breech presentation at term: A national survey of Norwegian birth units [2022]
• Saudi Arabia
  • Saudi Medical Journal
    • Is the art of assisted breech delivery still fading in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia? [2018]
• Sweden
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Risk factors during pregnancy and delivery for the development of Perthes’ disease, a nationwide Swedish study of 2.1 million individuals [2020]
• United Kingdom
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
    • Management of breech presentation [2021]
    • Identification of breech presentation [2021]
  • Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
    • Management of Breech Presentation [2017]
    • External Cephalic Version and Reducing the Incidence of Term Breech Presentation [2017]
  • WISDOM
    • Breech Presentation at Term [2024]
• United States
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
    • Mode of Term Singleton Breech Delivery [2018]
• Western countries
  • Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
    • Contraindications in national guidelines for vaginal breech delivery at term: Comparison, consensus, and controversy [2024]
• {Related topics}
  • Topic
    • Labor, delivery
    • Dystocia

Cerebral palsy

• Arab countries
  • Brain Sciences
    • Epidemiology of Cerebral Palsy among Children and Adolescents in Arabic-Speaking Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2022]
• Australia
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Barriers and enablers to implementing antenatal magnesium sulphate for fetal neuroprotection guidelines: a study using the theoretical domains framework [2015]
  • Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology
    • Declining trends in birth prevalence and severity of singletons with cerebral palsy of prenatal or perinatal origin in Australia: A population-based observational study [2022]
    • Perinatal care with a view to preventing cerebral palsy [2021]
    • Cerebral palsy trends in Australia (1995–2009): a population-based observational study [2019]
  • Journal of Clinical Medicine
    • Early Diagnosis and Classification of Cerebral Palsy: An Historical Perspective and Barriers to an Early Diagnosis [2019]
  • SA Health
    • Magnesium Sulphate for Neuroprotection of the Fetus in Women at Risk of Preterm Birth
• Australia, Europe
  • Journal of Pediatrics
    • Severe Congenital Heart Defects and Cerebral Palsy [2023]
• Canada
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Magnesium sulphate for fetal neuroprotection: benefits and challenges of a systematic knowledge translation project in Canada [2015]
  • Canadian Cerebral Palsy Registry
    • Risk Factors for Term-Born Spastic Diplegic Cerebral Palsy: A Case-Control Study [2024]
    • Cerebral palsy characteristics in term-born children with and without detectable perinatal risk factors: A cross-sectional study [2024]
    • Development of a Bedside Tool to Predict the Diagnosis of Cerebral Palsy in Term-Born Neonates [2023]
    • Risk Factors for Term-Born Periventricular White Matter Injury in Children With Cerebral Palsy: A Case-Control Study [2022]
    • Cerebral palsy in Canadian Indigenous children [2021]
    • Losing a diagnosis of cerebral palsy: a comparison of variables at 2 and 5 years [2020]
    • Cerebral palsy after neonatal encephalopathy: do neonates with suspected asphyxia have worse outcomes? [2016]
  • Canadian Paediatric Society
    • Care for children and youth with cerebral palsy (GMFCS levels III to V) [2023]
  • Implementation Science
    • MAGnesium sulphate for fetal neuroprotection to prevent Cerebral Palsy (MAG-CP)—implementation of a national guideline in Canada [2018]
  • Perinatal Services BC
    • Magnesium Sulphate for Neuroprotection
  • Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
    • Magnesium Sulphate for Fetal Neuroprotection [2019]
• China
  • Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine
    • Increasing prevalence of cerebral palsy among children and adolescents in China 1988–2020: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2021]
• Denmark
  • Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology
    • Increasing prevalence of cerebral palsy in children born very preterm in Denmark [2024]
    • Declining prevalence of cerebral palsy in children born at term in Denmark [2022]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Risk of childhood cerebral palsy following prenatal exposure to ß2-adrenergic receptor agonist: A nationwide cohort study [2018]
• Developed countries
  • Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology
    • A systematic review of risk factors for cerebral palsy in children born at term in developed countries [2012]
• France
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Antenatal magnesium sulphate administration for fetal neuroprotection: a French national survey [2017]
• High-income countries
  • Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
    • Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus [2024]
• India
  • Indian Academy of Pediatrics
    • Cerebral Palsy [2022]
• International
  • Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
    • Neonatal interventions for preventing cerebral palsy: an overview of Cochrane Systematic Review [2018]
    • Antenatal and intrapartum interventions for preventing cerebral palsy: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews [2017]
  • Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology
    • Global prevalence of cerebral palsy: A systematic analysis [2022]
    • International expert recommendations of clinical features to prompt referral for diagnostic assessment of cerebral palsy [2020]
  • Indian Journal of Medical Ethics
    • Cerebral palsy litigation after fifty years: A hoax on you [2020]
  • Journal of Perinatal Medicine
    • Antenatal magnesium sulfate for fetal neuroprotection: a critical appraisal and systematic review of clinical practice guidelines [2018]
• Japan
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Fetal heart rate evolution patterns in cerebral palsy associated with umbilical cord complications: a nationwide study [2022]
  • Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine
    • Weekend and off-hour effects on the incidence of cerebral palsy: contribution of consolidated perinatal care [2020]
  • Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research
    • Risk factors for cerebral palsy in neonates due to placental abruption [2021]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Relevant Obstetric Factors for Cerebral Palsy: From the Nationwide Obstetric Compensation System in Japan [2016]
• Kazakhstan
  • Heliyon
    • Epidemiology of cerebral palsy in the Republic of Kazakhstan: Incidence and risk factors [2023]
• Moldova
  • Medicina
    • Risk Factors for Cerebral Palsy in Moldova [2021]
• New Zealand
  • Starship
    • Classification Systems for Cerebral Palsy
• Norway
  • Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
    • Cerebral palsy in children born after assisted reproductive technology in Norway: Risk, prevalence, and clinical characteristics [2023]
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Prelabor rupture of membranes and the association with cerebral palsy in term born children: a national registry-based cohort study [2020]
  • European Journal of Paediatric Neurology
    • Decreasing prevalence and severity of cerebral palsy in Norway among children born 1999 to 2010 concomitant with improvements in perinatal health [2018]
  • Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology
    • Association of placental and umbilical cord characteristics with cerebral palsy: national cohort study [2023]
• Republic of Korea
  • Journal of Korean Medical Science
    • Cerebral Palsy Rate of Very Low Birth Weight Infants Born at 36 Weeks of Gestation [2019]
  • Scientific Reports
    • Declining incidence of cerebral palsy in South Korea [2023]
  • Yonsei Medical Journal
    • Incidence of Cerebral Palsy in Korea and the Effect of Socioeconomic Status: A Population-Based Nationwide Study [2018]
• Sweden
  • Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
    • A follow up on the feasibility after national implementation of magnesium sulfate for neuroprotection prior to preterm birth [2023]
  • Acta Paediatrica
    • The panorama of cerebral palsy in Sweden part XIII shows declining prevalence in birth-years 2011-2014 [2023]
  • BMJ
    • Five and 10 minute Apgar scores and risks of cerebral palsy and epilepsy: population based cohort study in Sweden [2018]
• Taiwan
  • International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
    • Prevalence and Initial Diagnosis of Cerebral Palsy in Preterm and Term-Born Children in Taiwan: A Nationwide, Population-Based Cohort Study [2021]
• United Kingdom
  • Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition
    • National PReCePT Programme: a before-and-after evaluation of the implementation of a national quality improvement programme to increase the uptake of magnesium sulfate in preterm deliveries [2023]
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
    • Cerebral palsy in children and young people [2017]
    • Selective dorsal rhizotomy for spasticity in cerebral palsy [2010]
  • NHS England
    • Commissioning framework for children and young people with cerebral palsy [2025]
    • PreCept Guideline [2019]
• United States
  • American Academy of Pediatrics
    • Providing a Primary Care Medical Home for Children and Youth With Cerebral Palsy [2022]
    • Cerebral Palsy
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
    • Neonatal Encephalopathy and Neurologic Outcome [2014]
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    • Cerebral Palsy
  • Journal of Clinical Medicine
    • Forensic Analysis of Umbilical and Newborn Blood Gas Values for Infants at Risk of Cerebral Palsy [2021]
  • National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
    • What we learned about the role of antenatal magnesium sulfate for the prevention of cerebral palsy [2016]
    • Effect of magnesium sulfate administration for neuroprotection on latency in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes [2015]
    • Antenatal Magnesium and Cerebral Palsy in Preterm Infants [2015]
    • Cerebral Palsy
  • Pediatrics
    • Network Implementation of Guideline for Early Detection Decreases Age at Cerebral Palsy Diagnosis [2020]
• {Related topics}
  • Topic
    • Newborn nervous system diseases
    • Labor, delivery

Cesarean section

• Africa
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Epidemiology of surgical site infections post-cesarean section in Africa: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]
  • Maternal Health, Neonatology and Perinatology
    • Surgical site infection and its association with rupture of membrane following cesarean section in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies [2021]
  • PLOS Global Public Health
    • Identifying interventions to reduce peripartum haemorrhage associated with caesarean delivery in Africa: A Delphi consensus study [2022]
• Africa, South-East Asia
  • International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
    • FIGO opinion paper: Drivers and solutions to the cesarean delivery epidemic with emphasis on the increasing rates in Africa and Southeastern Europe [2023]
• Australia
  • Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
    • Caesarean section
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Rate of spontaneous onset of labour before planned repeat caesarean section at term [2014]
  • NSW Health
    • Maternity - Timing of Planned or Pre-labour Caesarean Section at Term
  • SA Health
    • Category One Caesarean Section Management Standards Clinical Directive
    • Caesarean Section
• Australia, New Zealand
  • Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
    • Delivery of fetus at caesarean birth [2023]
    • Caesarean birth on maternal request (CBMR) [2023]
    • Timing of planned caesarean section at term [2022]
    • Categorisation of urgency for caesarean section [2019]
• Austria
  • Enhanced Recovery After Surgery
    • Enhanced recovery after cesarean section (ERAC): Where are we in Austria? [2023]
• Austria, Germany, Switzerland
  • Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde
    • Caesarean Section. Guideline of the DGGG, OEGGG and SGGG (S3-Level, AWMF Registry No. 015/084, June 2020) [2021]
• Bangladesh
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Prevalence and determinants of socioeconomic inequality in caesarean section deliveries in Bangladesh: an analysis of cross-sectional data from Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey, 2017-18 [2023]
    • Prevalence and predictors of elective and emergency caesarean delivery among reproductive-aged women in Bangladesh: evidence from demographic and health survey, 2017-18 [2022]
    • Reasons for performing a caesarean section in public hospitals in rural Bangladesh [2014]
  • International Health
    • Multilevel analysis to identify the factors associated with caesarean section in Bangladesh: evidence from a nationally representative survey [2023]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Caesarian section (CS) delivery in Bangladesh: A nationally representative cross-sectional study [2021]
• Bhutan
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Rates and indications of caesarean section deliveries in Bhutan 2015–2019: a national review [2021]
• Brazil
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Using the Robson classification to assess caesarean section rates in Brazil: an observational study of more than 24 million births from 2011 to 2017 [2021]
  • Ciência & Saúde Coletiva
    • Temporal trends and projections of caesarean sections in Brazil, its administrative macro-regions, and federative units [2023]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Cost-effectiveness of mechanical thromboprophylaxis for cesarean deliveries in Brazil [2023]
    • Caesarean Delivery and Postpartum Maternal Mortality: A Population-Based Case Control Study in Brazil [2016]
  • Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem
    • Trends in cesarean section rates in Brazil by Robson classification group, 2014-2020 [2024]
  • Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia
    • Cesarean-section Rates in Brazil from 2014 to 2016: Cross-sectional Analysis Using the Robson Classification [2020]
  • Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira
    • Cesarean delivery and small newborn for gestational age [2016]
    • Cesarean on request [2015]
• Burkina Faso
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • After surgery: the effects of life-saving caesarean sections in Burkina Faso [2015]
    • Readiness of district and regional hospitals in Burkina Faso to provide caesarean section and blood transfusion services: a cross-sectional study [2014]
  • Tropical Medicine & International Health
    • How a supply-side intervention can help to increase caesarean section rates in Burkina Faso facilities-Evidence from an interrupted time-series analysis using routine health data [2023]
• Cameroon
  • Archives of Public Health
    • Prevalence, indications and neonatal complications of caesarean deliveries in Cameroon: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]
• Canada
  • Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health
    • Post-operative Procedures for Caesarean Sections: A Review of Clinical Effectiveness and Guidelines [2019]
  • New England Journal of Medicine
    • A Cluster-Randomized Trial to Reduce Cesarean Delivery Rates in Quebec [2015]
  • Ontario Health
    • Caesarean Delivery Rate Review: An Evidence-Based Analysis [2015]
  • Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
    • Classification of Cesarean Deliveries in Canada: The Modified Robson Criteria [2023]
    • Impacted Fetal Head, Second-Stage Cesarean Delivery [2021]
    • Caesarean Delivery on Maternal Request [2018]
• Canada, Spain
  • Implementation Science
    • Evaluation of quality improvement for cesarean section programmes through mixed methods [2014]
• China
  • BMC Medicine
    • The trend of caesarean birth rate changes in China after ‘universal two-child policy’ era: a population-based study in 2013–2018 [2020]
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Antepartum risk factors and outcomes of massive transfusion for elective cesarean section: a nationwide retrospective cohort study [2024]
    • Maternal age at first cesarean delivery related to adverse pregnancy outcomes in a second cesarean delivery: a multicenter, historical, cross-sectional cohort study [2021]
    • A descriptive analysis of the indications for caesarean section in mainland China [2014]
  • BMJ
    • Relaxation of the one child policy and trends in caesarean section rates and birth outcomes in China between 2012 and 2016: observational study of nearly seven million health facility births [2018]
  • BMJ Open
    • Changes in caesarean section rates in China during the period of transition from the one-child to two-child policy era: cross-sectional National Household Health Services Surveys [2022]
  • International Journal of Women's Health
    • Cesarean section in the People’s Republic of China: current perspectives [2014]
  • Journal of Global Health
    • Hospital variations in caesarean delivery rates: An analysis of national data in China, 2016-2020 [2023]
• Colombia
  • Revista Colombiana de Obstetricia y Ginecología
    • Evolution of cesarean sections in Colombia and its association with the legal standing of the institutions where deliveries take place [2023]
• Cyprus
  • PLoS ONE
    • Predictors and trends of Caesarean section and breastfeeding in the Eastern Mediterranean region: Data from the cross-sectional Cyprus Women's Health Research (COHERE) Initiative [2023]
• Czech Republic
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Has the cesarean epidemic in Czechia been reversed despite fertility postponement? [2022]
• Developed countries
  • Frontiers in Pediatrics
    • Elective Cesarean Section on Term Pregnancies Has a High Risk for Neonatal Respiratory Morbidity in Developed Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2020]
• Egypt
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Medical and non-medical reasons for cesarean section delivery in Egypt: a hospital-based retrospective study [2019]
  • Cureus
    • Efficacy and Safety of Carbetocin Versus Misoprostol in Cesarean Section: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2022]
  • Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal
    • Rising trends in Caesarean section in 6 Egyptian governorates [2022]
• Estonia, Finland
  • Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
    • Cesarean section trends from 1992 to 2016 in Estonia and Finland: A registry-based study [2023]
• Ethiopia
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Cesarean delivery rates, hospital readiness and quality of clinical management in Ethiopia: national results from two cross-sectional emergency obstetric and newborn care assessments [2021]
    • Prevalence of surgical site infection and its associated factors after cesarean section in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]
  • BMC Public Health
    • Observed trends in the magnitude of socioeconomic and area-based inequalities in use of caesarean section in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study [2020]
  • BMJ Open
    • The changing temporal association between caesarean birth and neonatal death in Ethiopia: secondary analysis of nationally representative surveys [2019]
  • International Breastfeeding Journal
    • Impact of cesarean section on timely initiation of breastfeeding in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2021]
  • Journal of Environmental and Public Health
    • Does Timing of Antenatal Care Initiation and the Contents of Care Have Effect on Caesarean Delivery in Ethiopia? Findings from Demographic and Health Survey [2021]
  • Patient Safety in Surgery
    • Prevalence, indications, and outcomes of caesarean section deliveries in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Prevalence of emergency caesarean delivery and its predictors among women who give birth in Ethiopia using further analysis of EDHS 2016 data: A mixed effect model [2024]
    • Trend and associated factors of cesarean section rate in Ethiopia: Evidence from 2000-2019 Ethiopia demographic and health survey data [2023]
    • Spatial and hierarchical Bayesian analysis to identify factors associated with caesarean delivery use in Ethiopia: Evidence from national population and health facility data [2022]
  • Scientific Reports
    • Geographically weighted regression analysis of cesarean delivery using the Ethiopian Mini Demographic and Health Survey 2019 [2025]
• Europe
  • Euro-Peristat
    • Trends in caesarean section rates in Europe from 2015 to 2019 using Robson's Ten Group Classification System: A Euro-Peristat study [2024]
    • Using Robson's Ten-Group Classification System for comparing caesarean section rates in Europe: an analysis of routine data from the Euro-Peristat study [2021]
  • European Association of Perinatal Medicine
    • European Association of Perinatal Medicine (EAPM) European Midwives Association (EMA) Joint position statement: Caesarean delivery rates at a country level should be in the 15-20 % range [2024]
  • WHO European Region
    • Caesarean sections per 1000 live births
• Europe, United States
  • Euro-Peristat
    • Varying gestational age patterns in cesarean delivery: an international comparison [2014]
• Finland
  • BMJ Open
    • Breaking the myth: the association between the increasing incidence of labour induction and the rate of caesarean delivery in Finland - a nationwide Medical Birth Register study [2022]
• France
  • Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
    • Maternal mortality due to obstetric hemorrhage by surgical injury during cesarean section: A nationwide study [2024]
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Appropriateness of elective caesarean deliveries in a perinatal network: a cross-sectional study [2014]
• Georgia
  • PLoS ONE
    • Changes in cesarean section rates after introduction of a punitive financial policy in Georgia: A population-based registry study 2017-2019 [2022]
• Germany
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Regional variation in caesarean deliveries in Germany and its causes [2013]
  • Deutsches Ärzteblatt International
    • Indications for and Risks of Elective Cesarean Section [2015]
• Ghana
  • BioMed Research International
    • Examining Cesarean Section Rates in Ghana's 10 Regions Over a Decade a Comprehensive National Investigation [2024]
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Assessing five-year trend and socio-demographic determinants of caesarean section delivery in Ghana [2024]
    • Inequalities in prevalence of birth by caesarean section in Ghana from 1998-2014 [2022]
• Greece
  • European Journal of Midwifery
    • Which classification system could empower the understanding of caesarean section rates in Greece? A review of systematic reviews [2022]
• High-income countries
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • A systematic review and time-response meta-analysis of the optimal timing of elective caesarean sections for best maternal and neonatal health outcomes [2020]
• Honduras
  • Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia
    • Robson's Ten Group Classification System to Evaluate Cesarean Section Rates in Honduras: The Relevance of Labor Induction [2022]
• India
  • BMC Health Services Research
    • Are cesarean deliveries equitable in India: assessment using benefit incidence analysis [2022]
  • Frontiers in Public Health
    • The Dual Burden of Malnutrition Increases the Risk of Cesarean Delivery: Evidence From India [2018]
  • International Health
    • Adverse infant outcomes associated with caesarean section delivery in India [2020]
  • Journal of Medical Internet Research
    • Alarming Trends of Cesarean Section-Time to Rethink: Evidence From a Large-Scale Cross-sectional Sample Survey in India [2023]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Preventing the preventable: Assessing the burden of incessant caesarean deliveries in select Indian states using NFHS-5 [2025]
• Indonesia
  • BMJ Global Health
    • Trends and sociodemographic inequalities in the use of caesarean section in Indonesia, 1987-2017 [2020]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Factors contributing to socio-economic inequality in utilization of caesarean section delivery among women in Indonesia: Evidence from Demographic and Health Survey [2023]
• International
  • American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM
    • Tranexamic acid for the prevention of blood loss after cesarean section: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials [2023]
    • Different methods of vaginal preparation before cesarean delivery to prevent postoperative infection: a systematic review and network meta-analysis [2023]
  • Anaesthesia
    • International consensus statement on the use of uterotonic agents during caesarean section [2019]
  • Anesthesiology
    • Expert Consensus Regarding Core Outcomes for Enhanced Recovery after Cesarean Delivery Studies: A Delphi Study [2022]
  • BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
    • Audit and feedback using the Robson classification to reduce caesarean section rates: a systematic review [2017]
    • A global reference for caesarean section rates (C-Model): a multicountry cross-sectional study [2015]
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Mortality rate and risk factors for relaparotomy after caesarean section: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]
    • Association between decision-to-delivery time and neonatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]
    • Design characteristics of studies on medical practice variation of caesarean section rates: a scoping review [2020]
    • International migration and caesarean birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2013]
  • BMC Psychology
    • Prevalence and correlates of postpartum PTSD following emergency cesarean sections: implications for perinatal mental health care: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]
  • BMJ Global Health
    • Trends and projections of caesarean section rates: global and regional estimates [2021]
  • BMJ Open
    • Behavioural factors associated with fear of litigation as a driver for the increased use of caesarean sections: a scoping review [2023]
    • Caesarean sections in teaching hospitals: systematic review and meta-analysis of hospitals in 22 countries [2021]
  • Bulletin of the World Health Organization
    • “Too much, too late”: data on stillbirths to improve interpretation of caesarean section rates [2022]
    • WHO’s Robson platform for data-sharing on caesarean section rates [2022]
  • Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
    • Different classes of antibiotics given to women routinely for preventing infection at caesarean section [2021]
    • Vaginal preparation with antiseptic solution before cesarean section for preventing postoperative infections [2020]
    • Skin preparation for preventing infection following caesarean section [2020]
  • Cureus
    • Single- Versus Double-Layer Uterine Closure After Cesarean Section Delivery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2021]
  • Enhanced Recovery After Surgery
    • Guidelines for postoperative care in cesarean delivery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Society recommendations (part 3) [2019]
    • Guidelines for intraoperative care in cesarean delivery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Society Recommendations (Part 2) [2019]
  • European Journal of Anaesthesiology
    • Presence of the partner in the operating room during emergency caesarean section: A scoping review [2022]
  • European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
    • Techniques for managing an impacted fetal head at caesarean section: A systematic review [2023]
  • Frontiers in Medicine
    • Correlation Between Previous Caesarean Section and Adverse Maternal Outcomes Accordingly With Robson Classification: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2022]
    • The Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery for Cesarean Section: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials and Observational Studies [2021]
  • International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
    • FIGO good practice recommendations on surgical techniques to improve safety and reduce complications during cesarean delivery [2023]
    • FIGO good practice recommendations for cesarean delivery on maternal request: Challenges for medical staff and families [2023]
  • International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
    • Pediatrics Consequences of Caesarean Section—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2020]
  • Korean Journal of Anesthesiology
    • Comparison of different nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for cesarean section: a systematic review and network meta-analysis [2023]
  • Medicina
    • Caesarean Section on Maternal Request-Ethical and Juridic Issues: A Narrative Review [2022]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Non-clinical interventions to reduce unnecessary caesarean section targeted at organisations, facilities and systems: Systematic review of qualitative studies [2018]
    • The Increasing Trend in Caesarean Section Rates: Global, Regional and National Estimates: 1990-2014 [2016]
    • Obstetricians’ Opinions of the Optimal Caesarean Rate: A Global Survey [2016]
  • Reproductive Health
    • Reducing unnecessary caesarean sections: scoping review of financial and regulatory interventions [2020]
    • Cesarean birth in the Global Network for Women’s and Children’s Health Research: trends in utilization, risk factors, and subgroups with high cesarean birth rates [2020]
    • Women’s and communities’ views of targeted educational interventions to reduce unnecessary caesarean section: a qualitative evidence synthesis [2018]
  • Scientific Reports
    • Pregnancy outcomes of women with previous caesarean sections: Secondary analysis of World Health Organization Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health [2019]
• Iran
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Developing criteria for Cesarean Section using the RAND appropriateness method [2010]
  • Iranian Journal of Public Health
    • Assessing the Factors Affecting Cesarean Section Selection in Iranian Women Using Multilevel Count Models with Excess Zeros [2021]
    • Prevalence and Causes of Cesarean Section in Iran: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2014]
  • Journal of Family & Reproductive Health
    • In Depth Analysis of the Leading Causes of Maternal Mortality Due to Cesarean Section in Iran [2017]
  • Reproductive Health
    • Prevalence of and reasons for women’s, family members’, and health professionals’ preferences for cesarean section in Iran: a mixed-methods systematic review [2021]
• Iraq
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Rates and trends in cesarean sections between 2008 and 2012 in Iraq [2017]
• Ireland
  • BMC Health Services Research
    • Differences in nulliparous caesarean section rates across models of care: a decomposition analysis [2016]
  • Ireland's Health Services
    • C-section wound infection
  • PLoS ONE
    • National Variation in Caesarean Section Rates: A Cross Sectional Study in Ireland [2016]
• Israel
  • Women's Health
    • Cesarean delivery on maternal request in Israel: Maternity department policies and obstetricians' perspectives [2022]
• Italy
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • “An unnecessary cut?” multilevel health systems analysis of drivers of caesarean sections rates in Italy: a systematic review [2020]
  • International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
    • Caesarean Section on Maternal Request: An Italian Comparative Study on Patients’ Characteristics, Pregnancy Outcomes and Guidelines Overview [2020]
• Japan
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Caesarean section by maternal age group among singleton deliveries and primiparous Japanese women: a secondary analysis of the WHO Global Survey on Maternal and Perinatal Health [2016]
• Jordan
  • Demographic and Health Surveys
    • Disparities in Cesarean Section among Women in Jordan: Analysis of the 2017-18 Jordan Population and Family Health Survey (JPFHS) [2020]
  • Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal
    • Trends in Caesarean section deliveries in Jordan from 1982 to 2017: retrospective analyses of annual hospital reports [2021]
  • Global Health: Science and Practice
    • Rising cesarean deliveries among apparently low-risk mothers at university teaching hospitals in Jordan: analysis of population survey data, 2002–2012 [2014]
• Kenya, Tanzania
  • Global Health Action
    • Cesarean delivery and associated socioeconomic factors and neonatal survival outcome in Kenya and Tanzania: analysis of national survey data [2020]
• Latin America
  • World Health Organization
    • Rising caesarean deliveries in Latin America: how best to monitor rates and risks [2009]
• Lithuania
  • Medicina
    • Cesarean section rates in Lithuania using Robson Ten Group Classification System [2015]
• Low and middle income countries
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Effect of preoperative prophylactic intravenous tranexamic acid on perioperative blood loss control in patients undergoing cesarean delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]
  • BMJ
    • Within country inequalities in caesarean section rates: observational study of 72 low and middle income countries [2018]
  • BMJ Open
    • Association between prelabour caesarean section and perinatal outcomes: analysis of demographic and health surveys from 26 low-income and middle-income countries [2022]
  • Lancet Global Health
    • Variability in mortality following caesarean delivery, appendectomy, and groin hernia repair in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and analysis of published data [2016]
• Malawi
  • BMJ Global Health
    • Maternal mortality following caesarean section in a low-resource setting: a National Malawian Surveillance Study [2024]
• Mali
  • PLoS ONE
    • The Free Caesareans Policy in Low-Income Settings: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis in Mali (2003–2012) [2014]
• Mexico
  • Bulletin of the World Health Organization
    • Trends of caesarean delivery from 2008 to 2017, Mexico [2019]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Association between location of prenatal care services and non-consented cesarean sections in Mexico: A secondary analysis of the National Survey on the Dynamics of Household Relationships 2016 [2024]
• Middle East
  • Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal
    • Associations between caesarean births and breastfeeding in the Middle East: a scoping review [2021]
• Middle East, North Africa
  • PLoS ONE
    • Trends, wealth inequalities and the role of the private sector in caesarean section in the Middle East and North Africa: A repeat cross-sectional analysis of population-based surveys [2021]
• Mozambique
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Caesarean section rates in Mozambique [2015]
• Nepal
  • BioMed Research International
    • Trend and Sociodemographic Correlates of Cesarean Section Utilization in Nepal: Evidence from Demographic and Health Surveys 2006-2016 [2021]
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Trends and correlates of cesarean section rates over two decades in Nepal [2020]
  • BMJ Open
    • Prevalence and associated factors of caesarean section delivery: analysis from the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2022 [2025]
  • Cureus
    • Prevalence and Factors Associated With Caesarean Delivery in Nepal: Evidence From a Nationally Representative Sample [2021]
• Netherlands
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Identification of barriers and facilitators for optimal cesarean section care: perspective of professionals [2017]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Modest Rise in Caesarean Section from 2000-2010: The Dutch Experience [2016]
    • Development and Measurement of Guidelines-Based Quality Indicators of Caesarean Section Care in the Netherlands: A RAND-Modified Delphi Procedure and Retrospective Medical Chart Review [2016]
• Nigeria
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Caesarean section and associated factors in Nigeria: assessing inequalities between rural and urban areas-insights from the Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2018 [2024]
  • BMJ Open
    • Cesarean delivery in Nigeria: prevalence and associated factors - a population-based cross-sectional study [2019]
  • PLOS Global Public Health
    • A multi-level analysis of prevalence and factors associated with caesarean section in Nigeria [2023]
  • Reproductive Health
    • Prevalence, indications, and complications of caesarean section in health facilities across Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]
• Norway
  • BMJ Open
    • Time trends in caesarean section rates and associations with perinatal and neonatal health: a population-based cohort study of 1 153 789 births in Norway [2023]
    • Does caesarean delivery in the first pregnancy increase the risk for adverse outcome in the second? A registry-based cohort study on first and second singleton births in Norway [2020]
• Pakistan
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Trends of caesarean section deliveries in Pakistan: secondary data analysis from Demographic and Health Surveys, 1990–2018 [2020]
• Palestine
  • BMJ Open
    • Caesarean section in Palestine using the Robson Ten Group Classification System: a population-based birth cohort study [2018]
• Peru
  • Lancet Regional Health – Americas
    • Flat trend of high caesarean section rates in Peru: A pooled analysis of 3,376,062 births from the national birth registry, 2012 to 2020 [2022]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Caesarean Section in Peru: Analysis of Trends Using the Robson Classification System [2016]
• Philippines
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Temporal trends and associated factors in cesarean section use in the Philippines: an analysis of Demographic and Health Survey data from 1993 to 2017 [2025]
• Poland
  • Ginekologia Polska
    • Recommendations of the Polish Society of Gynecologists and Obstetricians regarding caesarean sections [2018]
• Portugal
  • BMC Research Notes
    • Risk of caesarean section after induced labour: do hospitals make a difference? [2013]
• Qatar
  • Acta Biomedica
    • Review of socioeconomic risk factors for cesarean births: a population-based study [2023]
• Republic of Korea
  • Journal of Korean Medical Science
    • Cesarean Delivery Upon Request in Pregnancies Following Vaginal Delivery: A Nationwide Study [2024]
    • Changes in the Cesarean Section Rate in Korea (1982-2012) and a Review of the Associated Factors [2014]
  • Obstetrics & Gynecology Science
    • Secular trends in cesarean sections and risk factors in South Korea (2006–2015) [2020]
• Rwanda
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Prevalence and factors associated with caesarean section in Rwanda: a trend analysis of Rwanda demographic and health survey 2000 to 2019-20 [2022]
  • International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics
    • Safe recovery after cesarean in rural Africa: Technical consensus guidelines for post-discharge care [2023]
  • International Wound Journal
    • Prevalence of post-caesarean section surgical site infections in Rwanda: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]
• South Asia
  • PLoS ONE
    • Trends and determinants of caesarean section in South Asian countries: Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan [2024]
• South-East Asia
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Does caesarean section have an impact on exclusive breastfeeding? Evidence from four Southeast Asian countries [2024]
• Spain
  • BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
    • What do popular Spanish women's magazines say about caesarean section? A 21-year survey [2014]
  • Health Policy
    • An impact evaluation of the strategy for normal birth care on caesarean section rates and perinatal mortality in Spain [2022]
• Sub-Saharan Africa
  • African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine
    • Strengthening caesarean birth: Sub-Saharan Africa health system evaluation: Scoping review [2024]
  • BMJ Open
    • Impact of caesarean section on breastfeeding indicators: within-country and meta-analyses of nationally representative data from 33 countries in sub-Saharan Africa [2019]
  • Maternal Health, Neonatology and Perinatology
    • Cesarean section in sub-Saharan Africa [2016]
  • PLOS Global Public Health
    • Discharge instructions given to women following delivery by cesarean section in Sub-Saharan Africa: A scoping review [2022]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Effect of maternal height on caesarean section and neonatal mortality rates in sub-Saharan Africa: An analysis of 34 national datasets [2018]
• Sudan
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Caesarean section in Sudan: findings from nationwide household surveys on rates, trends, and geographic and sociodemographic variability [2022]
• Suriname
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Cesarean section in Suriname using robson classification: a two-year nationwide cross-sectional study on rates, risk factors and perinatal outcomes of cesarean section [2025]
• Sweden
  • PLoS ONE
    • Cesarean section and the gestational duration of subsequent pregnancies: A nationwide register-based cohort study [2025]
  • Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services
    • Economic Evaluation of Elective Cesarean Section on Maternal Request Compared With Planned Vaginal Birth-Application to Swedish Setting Using National Registry Data [2023]
    • Conflicting attitudes between clinicians and women regarding maternal requested caesarean section: a qualitative evidence synthesis [2023]
    • Caesarean section on maternal request: A systematic review and assessment of medical, health economic, ethical and social aspects [2021]
• Tanzania
  • Archives of Public Health
    • Magnitude and trends in socio-economic and geographic inequality in access to birth by cesarean section in Tanzania: evidence from five rounds of Tanzania demographic and health surveys (1996–2015) [2020]
  • BMC Public Health
    • Prevalence and factors associated with caesarean section among Tanzanian women of reproductive age: evidence from the 2022 Tanzania demographic and health survey data [2025]
• Turkey
  • Pan African Medical Journal
    • Policy recommendations to reduce high cesarean section rate in Türkiye [2024]
• Uganda
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Spatial and temporal trends of cesarean deliveries in Uganda: 2012–2016 [2019]
• United Kingdom
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Enhanced recovery after elective caesarean: a rapid review of clinical protocols, and an umbrella review of systematic reviews [2017]
  • Health Technology Assessment
    • Long-term impact of pre-incision antibiotics on children born by caesarean section: a longitudinal study based on UK electronic health records [2022]
    • A randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation of intraoperative cell salvage during caesarean section in women at risk of haemorrhage: the SALVO (cell SALVage in Obstetrics) trial [2018]
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
    • Balloon disimpaction of the baby's head at emergency caesarean during the second stage of labour [2025]
    • Caesarean birth [2024]
    • The benefits and risks of planned caesarean birth [2021]
    • Techniques to close the uterus at caesarean birth [2021]
    • Prevention and management of hypothermia and shivering: Caesarean birth [2021]
    • Methods to reduce infectious morbidity at caesarean birth [2021]
    • Caesarean birth (Quality standard) [2021]
    • 2021 exceptional surveillance of caesarean birth – surgical opening technique (NICE guideline NG192) [2021]
    • 2021 exceptional surveillance of caesarean birth – morbidly adherent placenta (NICE guideline NG192) [2021]
    • 2021 exceptional surveillance of caesarean birth – maternal request (NICE guideline NG192) [2021]
    • 2021 exceptional surveillance of caesarean birth – diamorphine (NICE guideline NG192) [2021]
  • Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
    • Management of Impacted Fetal Head at Caesarean Birth [2023]
    • Safety messaging regarding the use of plastic cord clamps at caesarean section [2020]
• United States
  • Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
    • Future Research Needs for Strategies To Reduce Cesarean Birth in Low-Risk Women [2012]
  • American Academy of Family Physicians
    • Cesarean Delivery in Family Medicine (Position Paper) [2021]
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
    • Quality-Improvement Strategies for Safe Reduction of Primary Cesarean Birth [2025]
    • Cesarean Delivery on Maternal Request [2019]
    • Vaginal Seeding [2017]
    • Safe prevention of the primary cesarean delivery [2014]
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    • Changes in primary and repeat cesarean delivery: United States 2016-2021 [2022]
  • JAMA Network Open
    • Cesarean Delivery Trends Among Patients at Low Risk for Cesarean Delivery in the US, 2000-2019 [2023]
  • Journal of Perinatology
    • Epidemiology of Readmissions in Early Infancy Following Non-Elective Cesarean Delivery [2021]
  • National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
    • Association Between Time of Day and the Decision for an Intrapartum Cesarean Delivery [2020]
    • Variation in the Nulliparous, Term, Singleton, Vertex Cesarean Delivery Rate [2018]
    • What we have learned about scheduling elective repeat cesarean delivery at term [2016]
  • Obstetrics & Gynecology
    • Preventing the First Cesarean Delivery: Summary of a Joint Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Workshop [2012]
  • Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine
    • Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Special Statement: Surgical safety checklists for cesarean delivery [2021]
    • Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Special Statement: Checklist for thromboembolism prophylaxis after cesarean delivery [2020]
    • Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #51: Thromboembolism prophylaxis for cesarean delivery [2020]
    • Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM) Consult Series #49: Cesarean scar pregnancy [2020]
    • Coding update of the SMFM definition of low risk for cesarean delivery from ICD-9-CM to ICD-10-CM [2017]
    • Comparing variation in hospital rates of cesarean delivery among low-risk women using 3 different measures [2016]
  • StatPearls
    • Perimortem Cesarean Delivery
• Uruguay
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Cesarean section in Uruguay from 2008 to 2018: country analysis based on the Robson classification. An observational study [2022]
• WHO
  • World Health Organization
    • WHO recommendations on choice of antiseptic agent and method of application for preoperative skin preparation for caesarean section [2021]
    • WHO recommendation on vaginal preparation with antiseptic agents for women undergoing caesarean section [2021]
    • WHO recommendation on prophylactic antibiotics for women undergoing caesarean section [2021]
    • WHO recommendations: non-clinical interventions to reduce unnecessary caesarean sections [2018]
    • Robson Classification: Implementation Manual [2017]
    • WHO statement on caesarean section rates [2015]
    • Maternal and institutional characteristics associated with the administration of prophylactic antibiotics for caesarean section: a secondary analysis of the World Health Organization Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health [2014]
    • Determinants of caesarean section rates in developed countries: supply, demand and opportunities for control [2010]
    • Caesarean section without medical indication increases risk of short-term adverse outcomes for mothers: policy brief [2010]
    • Caesarean section
    • Births by caesarean section (%)
• Zimbabwe
  • South African Medical Journal
    • Rural-urban disparities and socioeconomic determinants of caesarean delivery rates in Zimbabwe: Evidence from the 2019 National Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey [2024]
• {Related topics}
  • Topic
    • Vaginal birth after cesarean
    • Obstetric analgesia and anesthesia
    • Labor, delivery

Dystocia

• Australia
  • SA Health
    • Unstable lie of the fetus
• Ethiopia
  • PLoS ONE
    • Obstructed labor and its effect on adverse maternal and fetal outcomes in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]
  • Reproductive Health
    • Incidence, causes, and maternofetal outcomes of obstructed labor in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis [2021]
• Europe, United States
  • Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare
    • Maternal factors associated with labor dystocia in low-risk nulliparous women. A systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]
• International
  • Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
    • Maternal postures for fetal malposition in labour for improving the health of mothers and their infants [2022]
  • Médecins Sans Frontières
    • Labour dystocia and malpresentations [2019]
  • Vaccine
    • Dysfunctional labor: Case definition & guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data [2017]
  • World Association of Perinatal Medicine
    • Ultrasound in labor: clinical practice guideline and recommendation by the WAPM-World Association of Perinatal Medicine and the PMF-Perinatal Medicine Foundation [2022]
• Low and middle income countries
  • Reproductive Health
    • A prospective population-based study of maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes in the setting of prolonged labor, obstructed labor and failure to progress in low- and middle-income countries [2015]
• United States
  • Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
    • Labor Dystocia [2020]
• WHO
  • World Health Organization
    • Managing prolonged and obstructed labour [2008]
    • Obstructed labour
• {Related topics}
  • Topic
    • Shoulder dystocia
    • Labor, delivery
    • Breech presentation

Episiotomy, perineal trauma

• Australia
  • Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
    • Third and fourth degree tears
    • Episiotomy
  • Australian Journal of General Practice
    • Perineal tears - A review [2018]
  • International Journal of Women's Health
    • The effect of implementing a new guideline and operative pro forma on the detection and management of third- and fourth-degree perineal tears [2016]
  • Queensland Health
    • Perineal care
  • SA Health
    • Third and Fourth Degree Tear Management
    • Puerperal Genital Haematomas
    • Perineal Care and Repair
• Australia, Europe
  • American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
    • The incidence of anal incontinence following obstetric anal sphincter injury graded using the Sultan classification: a network meta-analysis [2023]
• Australia, New Zealand
  • Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
    • Management of obstetric anal sphincter injury: Colorectal surgeons' perspectives in Australia and New Zealand [2021]
• Austria, Germany, Switzerland
  • Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde
    • Management of Third and Fourth-Degree Perineal Tears After Vaginal Birth. Guideline of the DGGG, OEGGG and SGGG (S2k-Level, AWMF Registry No. 015/079, December 2020) [2022]
• Canada
  • CMAJ
    • Episiotomy use among vaginal deliveries and the association with anal sphincter injury: a population-based retrospective cohort study [2019]
  • Perinatal Services BC
    • Supportive Care of the Perineum During Labour and Birth
  • Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
    • Obstetrical Anal Sphincter Injuries (OASIS) Part I: Prevention, Recognition, and Immediate Management [2024]
• Denmark, United Kingdom, United States
  • American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
    • The incidence of wound complications following primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]
• Ethiopia
  • Women's Health
    • Prevalence of episiotomy practice and factors associated with it in Ethiopia, systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]
• Europe
  • Euro-Peristat
    • Variations in rates of severe perineal tears and episiotomies in 20 European countries: a study based on routine national data in Euro-Peristat Project [2016]
• France
  • Archive ouverte HAL
    • Perineal prevention and protection in obstetrics: CNGOF Clinical Practice Guidelines [2019]
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Midterm complications after primary obstetrical anal sphincter injury repair in France [2024]
  • PLoS Medicine
    • Episiotomies and obstetric anal sphincter injuries following a restrictive episiotomy policy in France: An analysis of the 2010, 2016, and 2021 National Perinatal Surveys [2025]
  • Scientific Reports
    • French guidelines for restrictive episiotomy during instrumental delivery were not followed by an increase in obstetric anal sphincter injury [2022]
    • Episiotomy practices in France: epidemiology and risk factors in non-operative vaginal deliveries [2020]
• High-income countries
  • European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
    • Clinical practices in the management and follow-up of obstetric anal sphincter injuries: a comprehensive review [2024]
  • International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics
    • Risk factors for obstetric anal sphincter injury recurrence: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]
• India
  • Federation of Obstetric and Gynecological Societies of India
    • Prevention and Management of Perineal Tear [2024]
• International
  • American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
    • The prevention of perineal trauma during vaginal birth [2024]
  • Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
    • Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma and postpartum complications [2024]
    • Oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period [2021]
    • Aspirin (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period [2020]
  • European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences
    • Does episiotomy always equate violence in obstetrics? Routine and selective episiotomy in obstetric practice and legal questions [2019]
  • International Urogynecology Journal
    • Review of available national guidelines for obstetric anal sphincter injury [2020]
  • Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics and Human Reproduction
    • Antenatal perineal massage - risk of perineal injuries, pain, urinary incontinence and dyspereunia - a systematic review [2023]
  • Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP
    • Upright positions in childbirth and the prevention of perineal lacerations: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]
• Ireland
  • Ireland's Health Services
    • Perineal wound infection
• Israel
  • International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics
    • Use of antibiotics in women undergoing correction of an obstetric anal sphincter injury: Results from a national Israeli survey [2023]
• Jamaica
  • Permanente Journal
    • An Audit of Clinician Compliance with Best Practice Recommendations to Repair Severe Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injuries [2014]
• Low and middle income countries
  • Maternal and Child Health Journal
    • Birth-Related Perineal Trauma in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis [2019]
• Netherlands
  • International Urogynecology Journal
    • Choice of mode of delivery in a subsequent pregnancy after OASI: a survey among Dutch gynecologists [2017]
• Norway
  • Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening
    • Follow-up of postpartum anal sphincter injuries [2020]
• Palestine
  • BMJ Open
    • Episiotomy practice in six Palestinian hospitals: a population-based cohort study among singleton vaginal births [2018]
• Portugal
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Time trends in episiotomy and severe perineal tears in Portugal: a nationwide register-based study [2022]
• Romania
  • Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice
    • A multicenter cross-sectional study of episiotomy practice in Romania [2019]
• Saudi Arabia
  • Materia Socio-Medica
    • Rates and Indicators for Episiotomy in Modern Obstetrics – a study from Saudi Arabia [2015]
• Spain
  • Nursing Open
    • Midwives' approach to the prevention and repair of obstetric perineal trauma in Spain [2024]
• Sub-Saharan Africa
  • Frontiers in Medicine
    • Episiotomy Practice and Its Associated Factors in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2022]
• Sweden
  • American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
    • Symptoms of fecal incontinence two decades after no, one, or two obstetrical anal sphincter injuries [2021]
  • International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics
    • Maternal origin matters: Country of birth as a risk factor for obstetric anal sphincter injuries [2024]
  • Midwifery
    • Regional and clinical guidelines for prevention and care of obstetric anal sphincter injuries - A critical frame analysis [2023]
  • Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services
    • Practices to improve detection of perineal tears and women’s views and experiences of healthcare providers following sustained perineal tear [2021]
• United Kingdom
  • International Urogynecology Journal
    • Diagnosis, management and training in perineal trauma: a UK national survey of obstetricians [2023]
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
    • Perineal pain: Postnatal care [2021]
    • Episcissors-60 for mediolateral episiotomy [2020]
  • Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
    • Third- and Fourth-degree Perineal Tears, Management [2015]
• United States
  • American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
    • Repair of episiotomy and obstetrical perineal lacerations (first-fourth) [2024]
  • Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey
    • Techniques for Repair of Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injuries [2018]
• {Related topics}
  • Topic
    • Labor, delivery
    • Fecal incontinence

Fetal distress

• Australia
  • SA Health
    • Cord Presentation and Prolapse
• Denmark
  • Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
    • Implementation of universal umbilical cord pH analysis in Denmark. A national register-based study [2023]
• Europe
  • European Association of Perinatal Medicine
    • European Association of Perinatal Medicine (EAPM) Position statement: Use of appropriate terminology for situations related to inadequate fetal oxygenation in labor [2024]
• International
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Peripartum fetal Doppler sonography and perinatal outcome: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]
  • Vaccine
    • Non-reassuring fetal status: Case definition & guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data [2016]
• Low and middle income countries
  • Reproductive Health
    • Oligohydramnios: a prospective study of fetal, neonatal and maternal outcomes in low-middle income countries [2020]
• Nepal
  • Reproductive Health
    • Disclosing suboptimal indications for emergency caesarean sections due to fetal distress and prolonged labor: a multicenter cross-sectional study at 12 public hospitals in Nepal [2020]
• Republic of Korea
  • Obstetrics & Gynecology Science
    • Management of isolated oligohydramnios in Korea: a questionnaire-based study of clinical practice patterns among the members of the Korean Society of Maternal Fetal Medicine [2020]
• Taiwan
  • Medicine
    • Tocolysis and the risk of nonreassuring fetal status among pregnant women in labor [2019]
• Tanzania
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Criteria-based audit to improve quality of care of foetal distress: standardising obstetric care at a national referral hospital in a low resource setting, Tanzania [2016]
• United Kingdom
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
    • Therapeutic amnioinfusion for oligohydramnios during pregnancy (excluding labour) [2006]
  • Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
    • Umbilical Cord Prolapse [2014]
• {Related topics}
  • Topic
    • Labor, delivery
    • Fetal monitoring

Fetal monitoring

• Australia
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Differences in women's experiences of labour according to type of fetal monitoring: a quantitative analysis of an Australian national survey [2025]
  • NSW Health
    • Maternity - Fetal heart rate monitoring
  • Queensland Health
    • Intrapartum fetal surveillance
  • SA Health
    • Fetal Surveillance (Cardiotocography)
    • Fetal Acid Base Balance Assessment
  • Women and Birth
    • Do women have a choice when it comes to fetal monitoring? Perceptions of information provided and choice of fetal monitoring in Australia: A national survey [2024]
• Australia, New Zealand
  • Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
    • Intrapartum Fetal Surveillance Clinical Guideline – Fourth Edition 2019 [2019]
• Canada
  • Perinatal Services BC
    • Intrapartum Fetal Health Monitoring/Surveillance
  • Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
    • Maternal Heart Rate Artefact During Intrapartum Fetal Health Surveillance [2022]
    • Fetal Health Surveillance: Intrapartum Consensus Guideline [2020]
    • Maintaining Standards in Antenatal and Intrapartum Fetal Surveillance: Quality Improvement and Risk Management [2018]
• Denmark
  • Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
    • The impact of a national cardiotocography education program on neonatal and maternal outcomes: A historical cohort study [2019]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Can Intrapartum Cardiotocography Predict Uterine Rupture among Women with Prior Caesarean Delivery?: A Population Based Case-Control Study [2016]
• Germany
  • Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde
    • S1-Guideline on the Use of CTG During Pregnancy and Labor [2014]
  • PeerJ
    • What is the “normal” fetal heart rate? [2013]
• High-income countries
  • BMJ Open
    • Influences on safety of intrapartum electronic fetal heart rate monitoring practices: a scoping review [2024]
  • Women's Health
    • How does the use of continuous electronic fetal monitoring influence women's experiences of labour? A systematic integrative review of the literature from high income countries [2024]
• International
  • Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
    • Computerized cardiotocography analysis during labor - A state-of-the-art review [2023]
    • Computer-based intrapartum fetal monitoring and beyond: a review of the 2nd Workshop on Signal Processing and Monitoring in Labor (Oct 2017, Oxford UK) [2019]
    • Agreement and accuracy using the FIGO, ACOG and NICE cardiotocography interpretation guidelines [2017]
  • AJOG Global Reports
    • Electronic intrapartum fetal monitoring: a systematic review of international clinical practice guidelines [2021]
  • BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
    • Increased variability of fetal heart rate during labour: a review of preclinical and clinical studies [2022]
  • CMAJ
    • Effectiveness of intrapartum fetal surveillance to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis [2021]
  • European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
    • International expert consensus statement on physiological interpretation of cardiotocograph (CTG): First revision (2024) [2024]
  • International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
    • FIGO consensus guidelines on intrapartum fetal monitoring: Physiology of fetal oxygenation and the main goals of intrapartum fetal monitoring [2015]
    • FIGO consensus guidelines on intrapartum fetal monitoring: Introduction [2015]
    • FIGO consensus guidelines on intrapartum fetal monitoring: Intermittent auscultation [2015]
    • FIGO consensus guidelines on intrapartum fetal monitoring: Cardiotocography [2015]
    • FIGO consensus guidelines on intrapartum fetal monitoring: Adjunctive technologies [2015]
  • PeerJ Computer Science
    • A systematic review of automated pre-processing, feature extraction and classification of cardiotocography [2021]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Factors contributing to visual intrapartum cardiotocograph interpretation variation among healthcare professionals: An integrative review [2025]
    • Intermittent auscultation fetal monitoring during labour: A systematic scoping review to identify methods, effects, and accuracy [2019]
• Ireland
  • Ireland's Health Services
    • Intrapartum Fetal Hearth Rate Monitoring [2021]
• Ireland, United Kingdom
  • Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition
    • Economic evaluation of computerised interpretation of fetal heart rate during labour: a cost-consequence analysis alongside the INFANT study [2021]
• Low and middle income countries
  • International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics
    • Systematic review of Doppler for detecting intrapartum fetal heart abnormalities and measuring perinatal mortality in low- and middle-income countries [2020]
    • Delphi consensus statement on intrapartum fetal monitoring in low-resource settings [2019]
• New Zealand
  • New Zealand College of Midwives
    • Intermittent Auscultation for the Assessment of Intrapartum Fetal Wellbeing [2020]
• Norway
  • Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
    • National survey of routines for intrapartum fetal monitoring in Norway [2019]
• Sri Lanka
  • Sri Lanka College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists
    • Guideline on fetal monitoring in labour [2014]
• Sweden
  • Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
    • Implementation of a revised classification for intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring and association to birth outcome: A national cohort study [2022]
    • Time to reconsider: Have the 2015 FIGO and 2017 Swedish intrapartum cardiotocogram classifications led us from Charybdis to Scylla? [2021]
    • New FIGO and Swedish intrapartum cardiotocography classification systems incorporated in the fetal ECG ST analysis (STAN) interpretation algorithm: agreements and discrepancies in cardiotocography classification and evaluation of significant ST events [2018]
  • European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
    • Low sensitivity of the new FIGO classification system for electronic fetal monitoring to identify fetal acidosis in the second stage of labor [2020]
• United Kingdom
  • Health Technology Assessment
    • Computerised interpretation of the fetal heart rate during labour: a randomised controlled trial (INFANT) [2018]
  • Journal of Clinical Medicine
    • Critical Imperative for the Reform of British Interpretation of Fetal Heart Rate Decelerations: Analysis of FIGO and NICE Guidelines, Post-Truth Foundations, Cognitive Fallacies, Myths and Occam’s Razor [2017]
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
    • Fetal monitoring in labour [2022]
    • Novii Wireless Patch System for maternal and fetal monitoring [2020]
  • NHS England
    • Fetal monitoring in labour guideline [2023]
    • Antenatal CTG Interpretation Guideline [2023]
  • WISDOM
    • Fetal Surveillance Standards [2023]
    • Fetal Monitoring Guideline [2023]
    • Continuous Intrapartum Electronic Fetal Monitoring Guideline [2023]
• United States
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
    • Oxygen Supplementation in the Setting of Category II or III Fetal Heart Tracings [2022]
  • American Family Physician
    • Intrapartum Fetal Monitoring [2020]
  • Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses
    • Fetal Heart Monitoring [2024]
  • Frontiers in Pediatrics
    • Electronic Fetal Monitoring–Prevention or Rescue? [2020]
  • National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
    • Intrapartum Resuscitation Interventions for Category II Fetal Heart Rate Tracings and Improvement to Category I [2021]
    • Intrapartum Fetal Heart Rate Tracing Among Small-for-Gestational Age Compared With Appropriate-for-Gestational-Age Neonates [2018]
    • What we have learned about intrapartum fetal monitoring trials in the MFMU Network [2016]
  • Reproductive Sciences
    • Changing Perspectives of Electronic Fetal Monitoring [2022]
• {Related topics}
  • Topic
    • Labor, delivery
    • Fetal distress

Home birth

• Australia
  • BMC Health Services Research
    • Modelling the cost of place of birth: a pathway analysis [2021]
  • Queensland Health
    • Publicly funded homebirth
    • Implementing a publicly funded homebirth program – Guidance for Queensland Hospitals and Health Services
  • SA Health
    • Planned Birth at Home Clinical Directive
• Australia, New Zealand
  • Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
    • Home Births [2023]
• Bangladesh
  • BioMed Research International
    • Determinants and Trends of Health Facility Delivery in Bangladesh: A Hierarchical Modeling Approach [2022]
  • BMJ Open
    • Trends and patterns of inequalities in using facility delivery among reproductive-age women in Bangladesh: a decomposition analysis of 2007-2017 Demographic and Health Survey data [2022]
  • International Journal of Clinical Practice
    • Individual and Community-Level Determinants of Institutional Delivery Services among Women in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study [2022]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Mapping the prevalence and covariates associated with home delivery in Bangladesh: A multilevel regression analysis [2024]
    • Socioeconomic inequalities in utilizing facility delivery in Bangladesh: A decomposition analysis using nationwide 2017-2018 demographic and health survey data [2022]
    • Factors associated with the utilization of institutional delivery services in Bangladesh [2017]
• Benin
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Individual and community-level factors associated with home birth: a mixed effects regression analysis of 2017–2018 Benin demographic and health survey [2021]
• Canada
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • The Canadian birth place study: examining maternity care provider attitudes and interprofessional conflict around planned home birth [2014]
  • Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
    • Statement on Planned Homebirth [2019]
• Czech Republic
  • Central European Journal of Public Health
    • Complications of planned home births in the Czech Republic between 2016-2017 [2020]
• East Africa
  • Italian Journal of Pediatrics
    • Pooled prevalence and determinants of skilled birth attendant delivery in East Africa countries: a multilevel analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys [2020]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Pooled prevalence and associated factors of health facility delivery in East Africa: Mixed-effect logistic regression analysis [2021]
• Ethiopia
  • BioMed Research International
    • Prevalence of Women's Home Birth Preferences and Its Associated Factors in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2024]
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Predictors of institutional delivery service utilization in Ethiopia: an umbrella review [2025]
    • Determinants of place birth: a multinomial logistic regression and spatial analysis of the Ethiopian mini demographic and health survey data, 2019 [2022]
    • Spatio-temporal distribution and associated factors of home delivery in Ethiopia. Further multilevel and spatial analysis of Ethiopian demographic and health surveys 2005–2016 [2020]
    • Spatial clustering and determinants of home birth after at least one antenatal care visit in Ethiopia: Ethiopian demographic and health survey 2016 perspective [2020]
    • Institutional delivery service utilization and associated factors in Ethiopia: a systematic review and META-analysis [2020]
  • BMC Women's Health
    • Spatial distribution and associated factors of dropout from health facility delivery after antenatal booking in Ethiopia: a multi-level analysis [2023]
  • BMJ Open
    • Determinants of traditional birth attendant utilisation among reproductive age women in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis of the 2019 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey [2024]
    • Trends and determinants of home delivery in Ethiopia: further multivariate decomposition analysis of 2005–2016 Ethiopian Demographic Health Surveys [2020]
  • Frontiers in Public Health
    • Home delivery among pregnant women with ANC follow-up in Ethiopia; Evidence from the 2019 Ethiopia mini demographic and health survey [2022]
  • Global Health Action
    • Factors associated with home delivery preference among pregnant women in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study [2022]
  • International Journal of Women's Health
    • Why Women in Ethiopia Give Birth at Home? A Systematic Review of Literature [2021]
    • Factors associated with institutional delivery service utilization in Ethiopia [2016]
  • PeerJ
    • The nexus between geographical distance and institutional delivery trends in Ethiopia: evidence from nationwide surveys [2024]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Trend of home birth and its associated factors in Ethiopia during COVID-19 and social crisis (2019-2023) [2025]
    • Using geographically weighted regression analysis to assess predictors of home birth hot spots in Ethiopia [2023]
    • Spatial pattern and determinants of institutional delivery in Ethiopia: Spatial and multilevel analysis using 2019 Ethiopian demographic and health survey [2023]
    • Spatial variation and factors associated with home delivery after ANC visit in Ethiopia; spatial and multilevel analysis [2022]
    • Spatial variation and determinant of home delivery in Ethiopia: Spatial and mixed effect multilevel analysis based on the Ethiopian mini demographic and health survey 2019 [2022]
    • Birth in a Health Facility –Inequalities among the Ethiopian Women: Results from Repeated National Surveys [2014]
  • Reproductive Health
    • Home delivery among women with adequate antenatal care: insights from a multilevel analysis of the 2019 Ethiopian mini demographic and health survey [2025]
  • Scientific Reports
    • The effect of lack of ANC visit and unwanted pregnancy on home child-birth in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]
  • Women's Health
    • Multilevel analysis of factors associated with utilization of institutional delivery in Ethiopia [2022]
• Gambia
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Predictors of institutional delivery service utilization among women of reproductive age in Gambia: a cross-sectional analysis [2020]
• Ghana
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Determinants of health facility delivery among young mothers in Ghana; insights from the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey [2022]
    • Prevalence, progress, and social inequalities of home deliveries in Ghana from 2006 to 2018: insights from the multiple indicator cluster surveys [2021]
  • PLoS ONE
    • What influences home delivery among women who live in urban areas? Analysis of 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey data [2021]
• High-income countries
  • EClinicalMedicine
    • Perinatal or neonatal mortality among women who intend at the onset of labour to give birth at home compared to women of low obstetrical risk who intend to give birth in hospital: A systematic review and meta-analyses [2019]
• Hungary
  • International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
    • Characteristics of Homebirth in Hungary: A Retrospective Cohort Study [2022]
• India
  • Advances in Therapy
    • Maternal Delivery at Home: Issues in India [2021]
  • BMC Public Health
    • Why women choose to deliver at home in India: a study of prevalence, factors, and socio-economic inequality [2021]
• International
  • International Journal of Women's Health
    • Planned home birth: benefits, risks, and opportunities [2015]
  • Systematic Reviews
    • Global stakeholder perspectives of home birth: a systematic scoping review [2021]
• Ireland
  • Ireland's Health Services
    • National Home Birth Services
  • Women and Birth
    • "It could not have been more different." Comparing experiences of hospital-based birth and homebirth in Ireland: A mixed-methods survey [2023]
• Italy
  • Acta Biomedica
    • Cost analysis of planned out-of-hospital births in Italy [2022]
  • International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
    • Low-Risk Planned Out-of-Hospital Births: Characteristics and Perinatal Outcomes in Different Italian Birth Settings [2020]
• Low and middle income countries
  • SSM - Population Health
    • Prevalence of home birth among 880,345 women in 67 low- and middle-income countries: A meta-analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys [2021]
• Mozambique
  • Reproductive Health
    • Prevalence of institutional delivery and its correlates amongst women of reproductive age in Mozambique: a cross-sectional analysis [2020]
• Myanmar
  • BMJ Open
    • Institutional delivery and postnatal care utilisation among reproductive-aged women who had completed four or more antenatal care visits in Myanmar: a secondary analysis of 2015-2016 Demographic and Health Survey [2023]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Early postnatal care contact within 24 hours by skilled providers and its determinants among home deliveries in Myanmar: Further analysis of the Myanmar Demographic and Health Survey 2015-16 [2023]
• Nepal
  • BMC Health Services Research
    • Factors associated with health facility delivery among reproductive age women in Nepal: an analysis of Nepal multiple indicator cluster survey 2019 [2022]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Associated factors for the utilization of institutional delivery services in Nepal: Findings from the Nepal Demographic Health Survey, 2022 [2025]
    • Determinants of home delivery in Nepal – A disaggregated analysis of marginalised and non-marginalised women from the 2016 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey [2020]
• Netherlands
  • Birth
    • More home births during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands [2023]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Regional variations in childbirth interventions and their correlations with adverse outcomes, birthplace and care provider: A nationwide explorative study [2020]
  • Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare
    • Decline in home births associated with faster increase in trend of postpartum haemorrhage and manual removal of the placenta [2024]
• Nigeria
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Determinants of health facility delivery among young mothers aged 15 - 24 years in Nigeria: a multilevel analysis of the 2018 Nigeria demographic and health survey [2023]
  • BMC Women's Health
    • Disparities and barriers of health facility delivery following optimal and suboptimal pregnancy care in Nigeria: evidence of home births from cross-sectional surveys [2023]
  • BMJ Open
    • Home childbirth among young mothers aged 15–24 years in Nigeria: a national population-based cross-sectional study [2019]
  • International Health
    • "I don't like to be seen by a male provider": health workers' strike, economic, and sociocultural reasons for home birth in settings with free maternal healthcare in Nigeria [2023]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Regional trends, spatial patterns and determinants of health facility delivery among women of reproductive age in Nigeria: A national population based cross-sectional study [2024]
• Pakistan
  • Health Research Policy and Systems
    • Is home delivery really preferred? a mixed-methods national study in Pakistan [2015]
• Philippines
  • Women's Health
    • Prevalence and determinants of home delivery in urban and rural Philippines: Evidence from the 2017 National Demographic and Health Survey [2022]
• Republic of Guinea
  • BMC Health Services Research
    • Non-utilization of health facility delivery and its correlates among childbearing women: a cross-sectional analysis of the 2018 Guinea demographic and health survey data [2020]
• South Asia
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Institutional delivery in public and private sectors in South Asia: a comparative analysis of prospective data from four demographic surveillance sites [2016]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Factors influencing place of delivery: Evidence from three south-Asian countries [2021]
• Spain
  • Sociedad Española de Neonatología
    • Home births: A growing phenomenon with potential risks [2021]
• Sub-Saharan Africa
  • Annals of Global Health
    • Prevalence and Determinants of Home Delivery among Women with Easy Access to Health Facilities in Sub-Saharan African Countries: A Multi-level Mixed Effect Analysis [2025]
  • BMC Public Health
    • Predicting home delivery and identifying its determinants among women aged 15-49 years in sub-Saharan African countries using a Demographic and Health Surveys 2016-2023: a machine learning algorithm [2025]
  • Journal of Perinatal Medicine
    • Midwife-assisted planned home birth: an essential component of improving the safety of childbirth in Sub-Saharan Africa [2018]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Prevalence and determinants of the place of delivery among reproductive age women in sub–Saharan Africa [2021]
  • Reproductive Health
    • Drivers and deterrents of facility delivery in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review [2013]
• Tanzania
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Determinants for choice of home birth over health facility birth among women of reproductive age in Tanzania: an analysis of data from the 2015-16 Tanzania demographic and health survey and malaria indicator survey [2020]
• Uganda
  • BMC Health Services Research
    • Factors associated with health facility utilization during childbirth among 15 to 49-year-old women in Uganda: evidence from the Uganda demographic health survey 2016 [2021]
• United Kingdom
  • BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
    • Perinatal and maternal outcomes in planned home and obstetric unit births in women at ‘higher risk’ of complications: secondary analysis of the Birthplace national prospective cohort study [2015]
  • British Association of Perinatal Medicine
    • Neonatal Support for Freestanding MLU and Home Births [2022]
  • HSC Public Health Agency
    • Regional framework for midwives and obstetricians who support women requesting care outside of guidance in Northern Ireland [2023]
  • Medical Law Review
    • The Medicalisation of Childbirth and Access to Homebirth in the UK: Covid-19 and Beyond [2021]
  • Regulation and Quality Improvement Authority
    • RQIA Guideline for Planning to Birth at Home in Northern Ireland (2019) [2019]
  • WISDOM
    • Homebirth Guideline [2023]
• United States
  • American Academy of Pediatrics
    • Providing Care for Infants Born at Home [2020]
    • Planned Home Birth [2013]
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
    • Planned Home Birth [2017]
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    • Changes in Home Births by Race and Hispanic Origin and State of Residence of Mother: United States, 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 [2021]
  • International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
    • The Cost of Home Birth in the United States [2021]
  • Obstetrics & Gynecology
    • Prevalence of Home Births and Associated Risk Profile and Maternal Characteristics, 2016–2018 [2020]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Neonatal Mortality of Planned Home Birth in the United States in Relation to Professional Certification of Birth Attendants [2016]
• Zambia
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Trends, spatial distribution and determinants of maternal home deliveries in Zambia [2025]
• {Related topics}
  • Topic
    • Labor, delivery

Induction of labor, augmentation of labor

• Australia
  • Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
    • Induction of labour
  • Better Safer Care
    • Induction of labour
  • BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
    • Methods of classification for women undergoing induction of labour: a systematic review and novel classification system [2015]
  • Queensland Health
    • Induction of labour
  • SA Health
    • Induction and Augmentation of Labour
• Australia, New Zealand
  • Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
    • Use of prostaglandins for induction of labour [2023]
• Austria, Germany, Switzerland
  • Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde
    • Induction of Labour. Guideline of the DGGG, OEGGG and SGGG (S2k, AWMF Registry No. 015-088, December 2020) [2021]
• Belgium, France, Netherlands
  • Journal of Medical Economics
    • Oral misoprostol tablets (25 µg) for induction of labor: a targeted literature review and cost analysis [2022]
• Canada
  • Perinatal Services BC
    • Labour Augmentation During the First and Second Stage of Labour
  • Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
    • Induction of Labour [2023]
    • Cervical Ripening and Induction of Labour – General Information [2023]
    • Cervical Ripening [2023]
• China
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Labor induction in China: a nationwide survey [2022]
• Ethiopia
  • Heliyon
    • Failed induction of labor and its associated factors in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2021]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Prevalence of failed induction of labor and associated factors among women who underwent induction of labor in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]
• Europe, South Africa
  • PLoS ONE
    • How much synthetic oxytocin is infused during labour? A review and analysis of regimens used in 12 countries [2020]
• France
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Methods of induction of labor and women’s experience: a population-based cohort study with mediation analyses [2021]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Frequency and determinants of misuse of augmentation of labor in France: A population-based study [2021]
• Germany
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Inter-institutional variations in oxytocin augmentation during labour in German university hospitals: a national survey [2019]
  • Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde
    • Labour Induction with Misoprostol in German Obstetric Clinics: What Are the Facts on Such Use? [2021]
• High-income countries
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Inpatient versus outpatient induction of labour: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]
• Iceland
  • Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
    • Trends in labor induction indications: A 20-year population-based study [2022]
• India
  • Federation of Obstetric and Gynecological Societies of India
    • Induction of Labor: Good Clinical Practice Recommendations [2018]
• International
  • Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
    • Mechanical methods for induction of labour [2023]
    • Low-dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour [2021]
    • Membrane sweeping for induction of labour [2020]
    • Induction of labour at or beyond 37 weeks' gestation [2020]
  • European Journal of Medical Research
    • Comparison of the effect of oral and vaginal misoprostol on labor induction: updating a systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional studies [2023]
  • Health Research Policy and Systems
    • Using the WHO-INTEGRATE evidence-to-decision framework to develop recommendations for induction of labour [2022]
  • International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
    • FIGO good practice recommendations for induced or spontaneous labor at term: Prep-for-Labor triage to minimize risks and maximize favorable outcomes [2023]
  • Medicine
    • The efficacy and safety of oral and vaginal misoprostol versus dinoprostone on women experiencing labor: A systematic review and updated meta-analysis of 53 randomized controlled trials [2024]
  • PLoS ONE
    • A systematic scoping review of clinical indications for induction of labour [2020]
• Ireland
  • Ireland's Health Services
    • Induction of Labour [2023]
• Malaysia
  • Ministry of Health Malaysia
    • Guidelines on Induction of Labour [2021]
• Netherlands
  • Birth
    • Maternal characteristics as indications for routine induction of labor: A nationwide retrospective cohort study [2022]
• New Zealand
  • Health New Zealand
    • Induction of Labour in Aotearoa New Zealand: A Clinical Practice Guideline 2019 [2021]
• Nordic countries
  • Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
    • Maternal age and risk of cesarean section in women with induced labor at term-A Nordic register-based study [2020]
• Norway
  • Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
    • Is the increasing prevalence of labor induction accompanied by changes in pregnancy outcomes? An observational study of all singleton births at gestational weeks 37-42 in Norway during 1999-2019 [2023]
    • Induction of labor and nulliparity: A nationwide clinical practice pilot evaluation [2020]
• Poland
  • Ginekologia Polska
    • Polish Gynecological Society recommendations for labor induction [2017]
• Sri Lanka
  • Sri Lanka College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists
    • Guideline on induction of labour [2014]
    • Guideline for use of oxytocin for induction and augmentation of labour [2014]
• Sweden
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Prevalence of amniotomy in Sweden: a nationwide register study [2022]
• United Kingdom
  • BMC Health Services Research
    • Reduction in resource use with the misoprostol vaginal insert vs the dinoprostone vaginal insert for labour induction: a model-based analysis from a United Kingdom healthcare perspective [2016]
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Socioeconomic risk factors for labour induction in the United Kingdom [2020]
  • Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency
    • Misoprostol vaginal delivery system (Mysodelle): reports of excessive uterine contractions (tachysystole) unresponsive to tocolytic treatment [2018]
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
    • Induction of labour for suspected fetal macrosomia: Inducing labour [2021]
    • Inducing labour (Quality standard) [2021]
    • Inducing labour [2021]
    • Insertion of a double balloon catheter for induction of labour in pregnant women without previous caesarean section [2015]
  • NHS England
    • National Patient Safety Alert – risk of oxytocin overdose during labour and childbirth [2024]
    • Induction of labour (IOL) guideline [2022]
  • PLoS Medicine
    • Induction of labour at 39 weeks and adverse outcomes in low-risk pregnancies according to ethnicity, socioeconomic deprivation, and parity: A national cohort study in England [2023]
  • Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
    • Evaluating misoprostol and mechanical methods for induction of labour [2022]
    • Induction of Labour at Term in Older Mothers [2013]
• United States
  • Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
    • Cervical Ripening in the Outpatient Setting [2021]
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
    • Labor Induction or Augmentation and Autism [2014]
  • American Family Physician
    • Cervical Ripening in the Outpatient Setting [2022]
    • Cervical Ripening and Induction of Labor [2022]
  • American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
    • Methods for the induction of labor: efficacy and safety [2024]
  • American Journal of Perinatology
    • Labor Induction at 39 Weeks Compared with Expectant Management in Low-Risk Parous Women [2022]
  • Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses
    • Elective Induction of Labor [2019]
  • National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
    • Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes of Expectant Management of Full-Term, Low-Risk, Nulliparous Patients [2021]
    • Health resource utilization of labor induction versus expectant management [2020]
    • Elective Labor Induction at 39 Weeks of Gestation Compared With Expectant Management: Factors Associated With Adverse Outcomes in Low-Risk Nulliparous Women [2020]
    • Labor Induction versus Expectant Management in Low-Risk Nulliparous Women [2018]
    • Defining failed induction of labor [2018]
    • Nonmedically indicated induction vs expectant treatment in term nulliparous women [2015]
    • Failed labor induction: toward an objective diagnosis [2011]
  • Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine
    • SMFM Statement on Elective Induction of Labor in Low-Risk Nulliparous Women at Term: the ARRIVE Trial [2019]
  • StatPearls
    • Induction of Labor
• WHO
  • World Health Organization
    • WHO recommendations on outpatient settings for induction of labour [2022]
    • WHO recommendations on mechanical methods for induction of labour [2022]
    • WHO recommendations on induction of labour, at or beyond term [2022]
    • WHO recommendations: Induction of labour at or beyond term [2018]
    • Recommendations for Augmentation of Labour [2015]
    • WHO recommendations for augmentation of labour [2014]
    • WHO recommendations for induction of labour [2011]
• {Related topics}
  • Topic
    • Labor, delivery

Labor, delivery

• Americas
  • Pan American Health Organization
    • Tool for Promoting Culturally Safe Childbirth: Basic Manual [2023]
• Asia
  • Frontiers in Public Health
    • Factors influencing childbirth fear among Asian women: a scoping review [2025]
• Australia
  • Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
    • Non-instrumental vaginal birth
    • Labour and birth indicators
  • Better Safer Care
    • Care during labour and birth
  • BMJ Open
    • Maternal and perinatal outcomes by planned place of birth in Australia 2000 – 2012: a linked population data study [2019]
  • Queensland Health
    • Normal birth
  • SA Health
    • Tocolysis for Uterine Hypercontractility
    • Labour: Delays in the Second Stage
    • Labour and Birth in Water Clinical Directive
    • Labour and Birth Care
    • Fetal Growth (accelerated)
• Australia, New Zealand
  • Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
    • Care in labour in the absence of pregnancy complications [2023]
    • Water immersion during labour and birth [2021]
    • Diagnosis and management of suspected fetal macrosomia [2021]
• Austria, Germany, Switzerland
  • Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde
    • Vaginal Birth at Term - Part 2. Guideline of the DGGG, OEGGG and SGGG (S3-Level, AWMF Registry No. 015/083, December 2020) [2022]
    • Vaginal Birth at Term - Part 1. Guideline of the DGGG, OEGGG and SGGG (S3-Level, AWMF Registry No. 015/083, December 2020) [2022]
• Bangladesh
  • International Journal of Clinical Practice
    • Rural-Urban Determinants of Receiving Skilled Birth Attendants among Women in Bangladesh: Evidence from National Survey 2017-18 [2022]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Individual and community-level factors associated with skilled birth attendants during delivery in Bangladesh: A multilevel analysis of demographic and health surveys [2022]
    • Exploring spatial variations in level and predictors of unskilled birth attendant delivery in Bangladesh using spatial analysis techniques: Findings from nationally representative survey data [2022]
• Belgium
  • BMJ Open
    • Nationwide population-based cohort study of uterine rupture in Belgium: results from the Belgian Obstetric Surveillance System [2016]
• Benin
  • BMC Public Health
    • Trends in the utilisation of skilled birth attendance among pregnant women in Benin, from 2001 to 2017-2018, and projections to 2030 [2023]
• Brazil
  • BMC Public Health
    • Public engagement in health technology assessment in Brazil: the case of the public consultation on National Clinical Guidelines for Care in Normal Birth [2021]
  • Ciência & Saúde Coletiva
    • Model of care in freestanding birth centers in Brazil: a scoping review [2025]
  • Reproductive Health
    • Good practices according to WHO’s recommendation for normal labor and birth and women’s assessment of the care received: the “birth in Brazil” national research study, 2011/2012 [2016]
• Canada
  • Perinatal Services BC
    • Water Birth
    • Planned Place of Birth
    • Oral Intake in Labour
    • Mode of Birth
    • Birth Options and Practices That Promote Healthy Birthing
  • Public Health Agency of Canada
    • Care during labour and birth
  • Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
    • Labour, Delivery, and Postpartum Care for People with Physical Disabilities [2021]
    • Attendance at and Resources for Delivery of Optimal Maternity Care [2019]
    • Management of Spontaneous Labour at Term in Healthy Women [2016]
• Chad
  • BMC Public Health
    • Spatial and multilevel analysis of unskilled birth attendance in Chad [2022]
• China
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • The incidence, risk factors and maternal and foetal outcomes of uterine rupture during different birth policy periods: an observational study in China [2021]
  • Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
    • Analyzing the Study of Using Acupuncture in Delivery in the Past Ten Years in China [2014]
  • Medicine
    • Investigation on the status of oral intake management measures during labor in China [2020]
• East Africa
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Preference of mode of delivery and associated factors among mothers in East Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]
• Egypt
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Childbirth care in Egypt: a repeat cross-sectional analysis using Demographic and Health Surveys between 1995 and 2014 examining use of care, provider mix and immediate postpartum care content [2020]
• Ethiopia
  • BMC Health Services Research
    • Male partner involvement in delivery care service and associated factors in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Implementing a modified World Health Organization safe childbirth checklist in health centers of Ethiopia: a pre and post intervention study [2021]
  • BMC Women's Health
    • Skilled birth attendant utilization trends, determinant and inequality gaps in Ethiopia [2022]
  • BMJ Open
    • Women’s satisfaction with existing labour and delivery services in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]
  • International Journal of Public Health
    • Predictors of Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness Practices Among Pregnant Women in Ethiopia, a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2024]
  • PLoS ONE
    • The uptake of WHO-recommended birth preparedness and complication readiness messages during pregnancy and its determinants among Ethiopian women: A multilevel mixed-effect analyses of 2016 demographic health survey [2023]
    • Receiving quality antenatal care service increases the chance of maternal use of skilled birth attendants in Ethiopia: Using a longitudinal panel survey [2022]
  • Reproductive Health
    • Birth preparedness and complication readiness among pregnant women in Ethiopia: a systematic review and Meta-analysis [2018]
  • Scientific Reports
    • Prevalence and determinants of uterine rupture in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]
  • Systematic Reviews
    • Partograph utilization as a decision-making tool and associated factors among obstetric care providers in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]
• Finland
  • Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
    • Trends in the epidemiology of fear of childbirth and association with intended mode of delivery: A nationwide register-based cohort study in Finland [2023]
    • Unplanned out-of-hospital deliveries in Finland: A national register study on incidence, characteristics and maternal and infant outcomes [2020]
  • Annals of Epidemiology
    • Birth rate among women with fear of childbirth: a nationwide register-based cohort study in Finland [2023]
  • BMC Women's Health
    • Factors associated with fear of childbirth in a subsequent pregnancy: a nationwide case-control analysis in Finland [2023]
  • Scandinavian Journal of Surgery
    • Incidence of vaginal birth-related rupture of the pubic symphysis: A nationwide register study in Finland from 1998 to 2018 [2022]
• France
  • Haute Autorité de Santé
    • Normal childbirth [2017]
  • Health Expectations
    • Consensus on the Structure and Content of Birth Plans: A Modified Delphi Study [2024]
• Ghana
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Factors influencing the free maternal health care policy under the national health insurance scheme's provision for skilled delivery services in Ghana: a narrative literature review [2023]
  • International Health
    • Inequalities in the prevalence of skilled birth attendance in Ghana between 1993 and 2014 [2023]
• High-income countries
  • PLoS Medicine
    • Variations in use of childbirth interventions in 13 high-income countries: A multinational cross-sectional study [2020]
  • Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare
    • Intrapartum care policies in high-income countries with a universal health system: A scoping review [2023]
• Hungary
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Socio-demographic factors, informal payments and satisfaction with childbirth in the Hungarian context [2025]
• India
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Does government health insurance protect households from out of pocket expenditure and distress financing for caesarean and non-caesarean institutional deliveries in India? Findings from the national family health survey (2019-21) [2023]
    • Effectiveness of the WHO SCC on improving adherence to essential practices during childbirth, in resource constrained settings [2016]
  • Ministry of Health and Family Welfare India
    • Labor Room Guideline [2016]
• Indonesia
  • BMJ Global Health
    • The effect of health insurance and socioeconomic status on women's choice in birth attendant and place of delivery across regions in Indonesia: a multinomial logit analysis [2023]
  • Reproductive Health
    • Outcomes by birth setting and caregiver for low risk women in Indonesia: a systematic literature review [2019]
• International
  • Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
    • Optimal Intrapartum Care [2020]
  • BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
    • WHO next-generation partograph: revolutionary steps towards individualised labour care [2021]
    • Diagnostic accuracy of the partograph alert and action lines to predict adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review [2019]
    • WHO model of intrapartum care for a positive childbirth experience: Transforming care of women and babies for improved health and well-being [2018]
    • Cervical dilatation patterns of ‘low-risk’ women with spontaneous labour and normal perinatal outcomes: a systematic review [2017]
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • The effect of mode of delivery on health-related quality-of-life in mothers: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]
  • European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
    • Duration of spontaneous labour in ‘low-risk’ women with ‘normal’ perinatal outcomes: A systematic review [2018]
  • Global Health: Science and Practice
    • Mapping the Prevalence and Sociodemographic Characteristics of Women Who Deliver Alone: Evidence From Demographic and Health Surveys From 80 Countries [2016]
  • International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
    • Prep-for-Labor: Overview of FIGO's labor and delivery triage bundles of care to optimize maternal and newborn outcomes [2023]
    • FIGO good clinical practice paper: management of the second stage of labor [2021]
    • A Model for Safe Childbirth [2021]
    • Staffing requirements for delivery care [2019]
    • FIGO Statement: Staffing requirements for delivery care, with special reference to low- and middle-income countries [2019]
    • Management of the second stage of labor [2012]
  • International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
    • Relationship Between Prolonged Second Stage of Labor and Short-Term Neonatal Morbidity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2020]
  • International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics
    • Formative research and development of innovative tools for “Better Outcomes in Labour Difficulty” (BOLD) [2017]
  • International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
    • ISUOG Practice Guidelines: intrapartum ultrasound [2018]
  • Médecins Sans Frontières
    • Normal delivery and procedures related to vaginal delivery [2019]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Pregnant women autonomy when choosing their method of childbirth: Scoping review [2024]
    • Impact of continuous labor companion- who is the best: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials [2024]
    • Effectiveness of utilizing the WHO safe childbirth checklist on improving essential childbirth practices and maternal and perinatal outcome: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]
    • What matters to women during childbirth: A systematic qualitative review [2018]
  • Reproductive Health
    • Global research priorities related to the World Health Organization Labour Care Guide: results of a global consultation [2023]
    • The prevalence of uterine fundal pressure during the second stage of labour for women giving birth in health facilities: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2021]
    • The development of the WHO Labour Care Guide: an international survey of maternity care providers [2021]
  • United Nations Children's Fund - UNICEF
    • Delivery care
• Ireland
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Regional variation in obstetrical intervention for hospital birth in the Republic of Ireland, 2005--2009 [2012]
• Japan
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • A cross-sectional survey of policies guiding second stage labor in urban Japanese hospitals, clinics and midwifery birth centers [2016]
  • BMJ Open
    • Updating quality indicators for low-risk labour care in Japan using current clinical practice guidelines: a modified Delphi method [2019]
• Kenya
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Factors associated with quality of intrapartum care in Kenya: a complex samples analysis of the 2022 Kenya demographic and health survey [2025]
• Liberia
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Readiness of health facilities to provide safe childbirth in Liberia: a cross-sectional analysis of population surveys, facility censuses and facility birth records [2022]
  • Ministry of Health Liberia
    • Labor and Delivery Protocol [2015]
• Low and middle income countries
  • Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
    • Improving management of first and second stages of labour in low- and middle-income countries [2024]
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Person-centred maternity care during childbirth: a systematic review in low and middle-income countries [2025]
    • Clean delivery kit use in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]
  • BMC Public Health
    • Determinants of clean birthing practices in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review [2020]
  • BMJ Open
    • Use of mHealth tools to register birth outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries: a scoping review [2022]
  • Global Health Action
    • Strategies to increase rural maternal utilization of skilled health personnel for childbirth delivery in low- and middle-income countries: a narrative review [2022]
  • Lancet Global Health
    • Factors associated with skilled birth attendance in 37 low-income and middle-income countries: a secondary analysis of nationally representative, individual-level data [2024]
  • Midwifery
    • Which low- and middle-income countries have midwife-led birthing centres and what are the main characteristics of these centres? A scoping review and scoping survey [2023]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Scoping review to identify and map the health personnel considered skilled birth attendants in low-and-middle income countries from 2000–2015 [2019]
• Netherlands
  • European Journal of Public Health
    • Impact of the EURO-PERISTAT Reports on obstetric management: a difference-in-regression-discontinuity analysis [2023]
• New Zealand
  • Starship
    • Delivery - attendance by paediatric staff at birth
• Nigeria
  • Medicine
    • Barriers and incentives influencing the use of partograph in Nigeria: A comprehensive review [2024]
• Nigeria, Uganda
  • BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
    • Cervical dilatation over time is a poor predictor of severe adverse birth outcomes: a diagnostic accuracy study [2018]
• Papua New Guinea
  • International Health
    • Factors associated with the utilisation of skilled delivery services in Papua New Guinea: evidence from the 2016-2018 Demographic and Health Survey [2022]
• Sierra Leone
  • BMC Health Services Research
    • Women empowerment indices and utilization of health facilities during childbirth: evidence from the 2019 Sierra Leone demographic health survey [2023]
• Sri Lanka
  • Sri Lanka College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists
    • Management of Normal Labour [2022]
• Sub-Saharan Africa
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Quality intrapartum care expectations and experiences of women in sub-Saharan African Low and Low Middle-Income Countries: a qualitative meta-synthesis [2023]
  • BMC Public Health
    • Determinants of birth preparedness and complication readiness practice among reproductive-age women in Africa a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]
  • Journal of Global Health
    • Time trends in facility-based and private-sector childbirth care: analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys from 25 sub-Saharan African countries from 2000 to 2016 [2019]
  • PLoS Medicine
    • Progression of the first stage of spontaneous labour: A prospective cohort study in two sub-Saharan African countries [2018]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Factors associated with unskilled birth attendance among women in sub-Saharan Africa: A multivariate-geospatial analysis of demographic and health surveys [2023]
    • A look back on how far to walk: Systematic review and meta-analysis of physical access to skilled care for childbirth in Sub-Saharan Africa [2017]
• Sweden
  • Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
    • Key outcomes in childbirth: Development of a perinatal core outcome set for management of labor and delivery at or near term [2023]
• Switzerland
  • Frontiers in Public Health
    • Quality aspects relating to giving birth in Switzerland: An analysis of quality indicators in inpatient obstetrics from 2013 to 2017 [2022]
  • International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
    • Recording of Chronic Diseases and Adverse Obstetric Outcomes during Hospitalizations for a Delivery in the National Swiss Hospital Medical Statistics Dataset between 2012 and 2018: An Observational Cross-Sectional Study [2022]
  • PLoS ONE
    • A true choice of place of birth? Swiss women's access to birth hospitals and birth centers [2022]
• Taiwan
  • Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
    • A proposed mother-friendly childbirth model for Taiwanese women and obstetricians' attitudes toward it [2015]
• United Kingdom
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Waterbirth: a national retrospective cohort study of factors associated with its use among women in England [2021]
    • What influences birth place preferences, choices and decision-making amongst healthy women with straightforward pregnancies in the UK? A qualitative evidence synthesis using a ‘best fit’ framework approach [2017]
    • Women’s birth place preferences in the United Kingdom: a systematic review and narrative synthesis of the quantitative literature [2016]
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
    • Intrapartum care (Guidance) [2023]
    • 2023 exceptional surveillance of intrapartum care for healthy women and babies (NICE guideline CG190) [2023]
    • Intrapartum care for healthy women and babies [2022]
    • Intrapartum care: existing medical conditions and obstetric complications [2020]
    • Intrapartum care for women with existing medical conditions or obstetric complications and their babies [2019]
    • Intrapartum care (Quality standard) [2017]
    • Intrapartum care
  • NHS Digital
    • NHS Maternity Statistics
  • NHS England
    • Tokophobia pathway [2024]
    • Unassisted birth guideline [2023]
  • Regulation and Quality Improvement Authority
    • Guideline for the Prevention, Diagnosis and Management of Hyponatraemia in Labour and the Immediate Postpartum Period [2017]
  • Right Decisions
    • Criteria for attendance at delivery by neonatal staff
  • Royal College of Anaesthetists
    • Care of the critically ill woman in childbirth; enhanced maternal care 2018 [2018]
• United States
  • American Academy of Pediatrics
    • Immersion in Water During Labor and Delivery [2014]
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
    • First and Second Stage Labor Management: ACOG Clinical Practice Guideline No. 8 [2024]
    • Medically Indicated Late-Preterm and Early-Term Deliveries [2021]
    • Avoidance of Nonmedically Indicated Early-Term Deliveries and Associated Neonatal Morbidities [2019]
    • Approaches to Limit Intervention During Labor and Birth [2019]
    • Immersion in Water During Labor and Delivery [2016]
    • Obstetric Labor
  • American Family Physician
    • Management of Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery [2015]
  • Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses
    • Lower Extremity Nerve Injury in Childbirth: AWHONN Practice Brief Number 11 [2020]
    • Continuous Labor Support for Every Woman [2018]
  • BMC Public Health
    • Characterizing the utilization of doula support services among birthing people of color in the United States: a scoping review [2024]
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    • Births - Method of Delivery
    • Birth Data
  • Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health
    • Management of Labor: Are the New Guidelines Justified? [2018]
    • A Model Practice Template for Hydrotherapy in Labor and Birth [2017]
  • National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
    • Birth Settings in America: Outcomes, Quality, Access, and Choice [2020]
  • National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
    • Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes With Early Compared With Delayed Pushing Among Nulliparous Women [2016]
    • Association of the Duration of Active Pushing With Obstetric Outcomes [2016]
    • Labor and Delivery
  • Scientific Reports
    • US county-level prevalence and spatial distribution of optimal birth outcomes 2018-2019 [2022]
• WHO
  • World Health Organization
    • Toolkit for implementation of the WHO intrapartum care and immediate postnatal care recommendations in health-care facilities [2023]
    • Essential childbirth care course (ECBC): module 1: introduction: facilitator's guide [2023]
    • Key points for considering adoption of the WHO labour care guide: policy brief [2022]
    • WHO labour care guide: user’s manual [2020]
    • Companion of choice during labour and childbirth for improved quality of care [2020]
    • Interregional technical consultation: learning from implementation of the WHO safe childbirth checklist: Colombo, Sri-Lanka, 28-30 August 2017 [2019]
    • WHO recommendations: intrapartum care for a positive childbirth experience [2018]
    • Definition of skilled health personnel providing care during childbirth: the 2018 joint statement by WHO, UNFPA, UNICEF, ICM, ICN, FIGO and IPA [2018]
    • WHO safe childbirth checklist collaboration evaluation report [2017]
    • Births attended by skilled health personnel (%)
• {Related topics}
  • Topic
    • Vaginal birth after cesarean
    • Third stage of labor
    • Shoulder dystocia
    • Premature rupture of membranes
    • Premature labor, preterm delivery
    • Postpartum (puerperium)
    • Obstetrics, perinatology
    • Obstetric forceps, vacuum extraction
    • Obstetric analgesia and anesthesia
    • Neonatology
    • Maternal and neonatal infections
    • Labor, delivery
    • Induction of labor, augmentation of labor
    • Home birth
    • Fetal monitoring
    • Fetal distress
    • Episiotomy, perineal trauma
    • Dystocia
    • Cesarean section
    • Cerebral palsy
    • Breech presentation
    • Breastfeeding

Obstetric analgesia and anesthesia

• Armenia
  • Anesthesiology
    • Establishing Obstetric Anesthesiology Practice Guidelines in the Republic of Armenia: A Global Health Collaboration [2017]
• Australia
  • Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
    • General anaesthetic for women giving birth by caesarean section
  • Queensland Health
    • Intrapartum pain management
  • SA Health
    • Post Dural Puncture Headache
    • Local Anaesthetic Toxicity (severe)
    • Analgesia for Labour and Birth (Pharmacological)
• Australia, New Zealand
  • Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
    • Joint RANZCOG/ANZCA/RACGP Position Statement on the Provision of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Analgesia Services [2022]
• Canada
  • Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health
    • Anaesthetic Agents in Pregnant Women Undergoing Non-Obstetric Surgical or Endoscopic Procedures: A Review of the Safety and Guidelines [2015]
  • Canadian Family Physician
    • Consensus statement on networks for high-quality rural anesthesia, surgery, and obstetric care in Canada [2022]
  • Perinatal Services BC
    • Pharmacological Pain Management Options in Labour
    • Non-Pharmacological Pain Management Options in Labour
    • Anesthetic Complications
  • Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
    • Physiologic Basis of Pain in Labour and Delivery: An Evidence-Based Approach to its Management [2018]
• China
  • BMC Medicine
    • The trends and associated adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes of labour neuraxial analgesia among vaginal deliveries in China between 2012 and 2019: a real-world observational evidence [2021]
• Denmark
  • Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica
    • Postoperative pain management for caesarean section in Denmark: A survey of current clinical practice [2025]
  • International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia
    • Incidence of persistent postpartum opioid use by mode of delivery: a 2016 cohort study of Danish women [2022]
• East Africa
  • Anesthesia & Analgesia
    • Challenges of Anesthesia in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Access to Safe Obstetric Anesthesia in East Africa [2017]
• Ethiopia
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Utilization of nonpharmacological labor pain management and associated factors among healthcare providers in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]
  • Women's Health
    • Predictors of labor pain management among pregnant women in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]
• Europe
  • European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care
    • ESAIC focused guidelines for the management of the failing epidural during labour epidural analgesia [2025]
  • European Society of Regional Anaesthesia and Pain Therapy
    • PROSPECT guideline for elective caesarean section: an update [2023]
    • PROSPECT guideline for elective caesarean section: updated systematic review and procedure-specific postoperative pain management recommendations [2021]
• Finland
  • Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics
    • Influence of smoking and socioeconomic status on labor analgesia: a nationwide register-based study in Finland [2024]
• Iceland
  • Birth
    • Use of pain management in childbirth among migrant women in Iceland: A population-based cohort study [2022]
• India
  • Indian Journal of Anaesthesia
    • All India Difficult Airway Association 2016 guidelines for the management of unanticipated difficult tracheal intubation in obstetrics [2016]
• International
  • Anaesthesia
    • International consensus statement on the management of hypotension with vasopressors during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [2018]
  • Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine
    • The Effect of Intrathecal Meperidine on Maternal and Newborn Outcomes After Cesarean Section: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Study [2020]
  • Annals of Medicine and Surgery
    • Prevention and management of postoperative nausea and vomiting after cesarean section: A systematic literature review [2022]
  • Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology
    • Neuraxial analgesia in labour and the foetus [2023]
  • BioMed Research International
    • Analgesia during Labor and Vaginal Birth among Women with Severe Maternal Morbidity: Secondary Analysis from the WHO Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health [2019]
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Prevalence and associated factors of intraoperative Nausea and Vomiting of mothers who gave birth with cesarean section under regional anesthesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis; 2023 [2025]
    • Pharmacological pain relief and women´s birth experience: a systematic review [2025]
  • BMJ Open
    • Appraisal of clinical practice guidelines and consensus statements on obstetric anaesthesia: a systematic review using the AGREE II instrument [2024]
  • British Journal of Anaesthesia
    • Interventions for the prevention or treatment of epidural-related maternal fever: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]
    • Vasopressor drugs for the prevention and treatment of hypotension during neuraxial anaesthesia for Caesarean delivery: a Bayesian network meta-analysis of fetal and maternal outcomes [2020]
  • Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
    • Automated mandatory bolus versus basal infusion for maintenance of epidural analgesia in labour [2023]
    • Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section [2021]
    • Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section [2020]
    • Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth [2020]
    • Complementary and alternative therapies for post-caesarean pain [2020]
    • Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour [2020]
  • Journal of Clinical Medicine
    • Following Evidence-Based Recommendations for Perioperative Pain Management after Cesarean Section Is Associated with Better Pain-Related Outcomes: Analysis of Registry Data [2023]
  • Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
    • Effects of epidural analgesia on intrapartum maternal fever and maternal outcomes: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Comparative efficacy of opioid and non-opioid analgesics in labor pain management: A network meta-analysis [2024]
    • The efficacy and safety of remifentanil patient-controlled versus epidural analgesia in labor: A meta-analysis and systematic review [2022]
• Israel
  • Israel Medical Association Journal
    • National Survey of Postoperative Pain Control after Cesarean Delivery [2014]
• Japan
  • International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
    • Updated Decision Aid Enabling Women to Choose between with or without Epidural Analgesia during Childbirth, and Confirmation of Validity [2023]
  • Journal of Clinical Medicine
    • Current Epidemiology of the General Anesthesia Practice for Cesarean Delivery Using a Nationwide Claims Database in Japan: A Descriptive Study [2022]
  • Scientific Reports
    • Trend in neuraxial morphine use and postoperative analgesia after cesarean delivery in Japan from 2005 to 2020 [2022]
• Low and middle income countries
  • Scientific Reports
    • Outcomes associated with anaesthetic techniques for caesarean section in low- and middle-income countries: a secondary analysis of WHO surveys [2020]
• Norway
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • The provision of epidural analgesia during labor according to maternal birthplace: a Norwegian register study [2020]
• Republic of Korea
  • Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
    • Evaluation of changes in anesthetic methods for cesarean delivery: an analysis for 5 years using the big data of the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service [2020]
• South-East Asia
  • Journal of Anesthesia, Analgesia and Critical Care
    • Consensus on the Southeast Asian management of hypotension using vasopressors and adjunct modalities during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [2022]
• Sri Lanka
  • Sri Lanka College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists
    • Guideline on pain relief in labour [2014]
• Sub-Saharan Africa
  • Pain Management Nursing
    • Healthcare Providers' Utilization of Nonpharmacological Methods in Managing Labor Pain: An Integrative Review [2024]
• Sweden
  • Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
    • A nation-wide Swedish study of opioid analgesic prescribing patterns during pregnancy and associated preexisting mental health conditions [2022]
• Uganda
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Key bottlenecks to the provision of safe obstetric anaesthesia in low- income countries; a cross-sectional survey of 64 hospitals in Uganda [2017]
• United Kingdom
  • Anaesthesia
    • Prevention and management of intra-operative pain during caesarean section under neuraxial anaesthesia: a technical and interpersonal approach [2022]
    • A national survey of obstetric early warning systems in the United Kingdom: five years on [2014]
  • Association of Anaesthetists
    • Safety guideline: neurological monitoring associated with obstetric neuraxial block 2020: A joint guideline by the Association of Anaesthetists and the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association [2020]
    • Association of Anaesthetists recommendations for cell salvage in obstetric anaesthesia [2018]
    • Regional anaesthesia and patients with abnormalities of coagulation: the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain & Ireland The Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association Regional Anaesthesia UK [2013]
  • International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia
    • The delivery of obstetric anaesthetic care in UK maternity units: a survey of practice in 2021 [2023]
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
    • Opioids for pain relief after caesarean birth [2021]
    • Monitoring after intrathecal or epidural opioids for caesarean birth [2021]
  • Obstetric Anaesthetists Association
    • Intrathecal catheter placement after inadvertent dural puncture in the obstetric population: management for labour and operative delivery. Guidelines from the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association [2024]
    • General anaesthetic and airway management practice for obstetric surgery in England: a prospective, multicentre observational study [2021]
    • The identification of key indicators to drive quality improvement in obstetric anaesthesia: results of the Obstetric Anaesthetists’ Association/National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit collaborative Delphi project [2020]
    • Obstetric anaesthetic practice in the UK: a descriptive analysis of the National Obstetric Anaesthetic Database 2009–14 [2020]
    • Obstetric Anaesthetists’ Association/National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit collaborative project to develop key indicators for quality of care in obstetric anaesthesia: first steps in the right direction [2020]
    • Labor Epidural Analgesia to Cesarean Section Anesthetic Conversion Failure: A National Survey [2019]
    • Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association and Difficult Airway Society guidelines for the management of difficult and failed tracheal intubation in obstetrics [2015]
  • Royal College of Anaesthetists
    • Guidelines for the Provision of Anaesthesia Services for an Obstetric Population 2024 [2023]
  • Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
    • Antenatal and Postnatal Analgesia [2018]
• United States
  • Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine
    • ABM Clinical Protocol #28, Peripartum Analgesia and Anesthesia for the Breastfeeding Mother [2018]
  • American Association of Nurse Anesthesiology
    • Analgesia and Anesthesia for the Obstetric Patient [2023]
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
    • Use of Nitrous Oxide in Labor and Possible Interaction with Systemic Opioids or Sedatives/Hypnotics [2021]
    • Pharmacologic Stepwise Multimodal Approach for Postpartum Pain Management [2021]
    • Obstetrical analgesia
  • American Society of Anesthesiologists
    • Statement on Pain During Cesarean Delivery [2023]
    • Guidelines for Neuraxial Analgesia or Anesthesia in Obstetrics [2021]
    • Practice Guidelines for Obstetric Anesthesia: An Updated Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Obstetric Anesthesia and the Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology [2016]
  • Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses
    • Role of the Registered Nurse in the Care of the Pregnant Woman Receiving Analgesia and Anesthesia by Catheter Techniques [2020]
  • BMJ
    • Association of first trimester prescription opioid use with congenital malformations in the offspring: population based cohort study [2021]
  • Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d'anesthésie
    • Racial and ethnic disparities in obstetric anesthesia: a scoping review [2023]
    • A survey of labour epidural practices at obstetric anesthesia fellowship programs in the United States [2022]
  • International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia
    • Persistent opioid use after cesarean delivery in the United States of America: a systematic review [2023]
  • National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
    • Optimizing Opioid Prescription Quantity After Cesarean Delivery: A Randomized Controlled Trial [2024]
  • Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine
    • Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #59: The use of analgesia and anesthesia for maternal-fetal procedures [2021]
  • Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology
    • Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology: Consensus Statement and Recommendations for Enhanced Recovery After Cesarean [2021]
    • Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology Consensus Statement: Monitoring Recommendations for Prevention and Detection of Respiratory Depression Associated With Administration of Neuraxial Morphine for Cesarean Delivery Analgesia [2019]
• {Related topics}
  • Topic
    • Labor, delivery
    • Cesarean section

Obstetric forceps, vacuum extraction

• Australia
  • Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
    • Instrumental vaginal birth
  • Queensland Health
    • Instrumental vaginal birth (guideline supplement)
    • Instrumental vaginal birth
  • SA Health
    • Operative Vaginal Birth
• Australia, New Zealand
  • Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
    • Instrumental vaginal birth [2020]
• Canada
  • BMJ
    • Maternal and neonatal trauma during forceps and vacuum delivery must not be overlooked [2023]
  • CMAJ
    • Maternal and neonatal trauma following operative vaginal delivery [2022]
    • Taking a stand for operative vaginal delivery [2018]
    • Ecological association between operative vaginal delivery and obstetric and birth trauma [2018]
    • Perinatal and maternal morbidity and mortality after attempted operative vaginal delivery at midpelvic station [2017]
  • Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada
    • Morbidity and Mortality Associated With Forceps and Vacuum Delivery at Outlet, Low, and Midpelvic Station [2019]
    • Evolution of Operative Obstetric Delivery in Canada [2019]
  • Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
    • Assisted Vaginal Birth [2019]
• Ethiopia
  • Frontiers in Global Women's Health
    • Prevalence, indications, and outcomes of operative vaginal deliveries among mothers who gave birth in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Maternal complication of instrumental vaginal delivery and its associated factors: Systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]
• International
  • BMJ Open
    • Interventions to reintroduce or increase assisted vaginal births: a systematic review of the literature [2023]
  • Bulletin of the World Health Organization
    • A research agenda to improve incidence and outcomes of assisted vaginal birth [2023]
  • Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
    • Instruments for assisted vaginal birth [2021]
  • Médecins Sans Frontières
    • Instrumental delivery [2019]
• Low and middle income countries
  • American Journal of Perinatology
    • A Prospective, Population-Based Study of Trends in Operative Vaginal Delivery Compared to Cesarean Delivery Rates in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, 2010–2016 [2019]
• Republic of Korea
  • Obstetrics & Gynecology Science
    • Vacuum extraction vaginal delivery: current trend and safety [2017]
• Sierra Leone
  • BMJ Open
    • Vacuum births and barriers to its use: An observational study in governmental hospitals in Sierra Leone [2022]
• Sri Lanka
  • Sri Lanka College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists
    • Assisted vaginal delivery [2021]
• Sub-Saharan Africa
  • BMC Women's Health
    • Prevalence, indications and fetal outcomes of operative vaginal delivery in Sub-Saharan Africa, systematic review, and meta-analysis [2023]
• Sweden
  • Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
    • The association between episiotomy or OASIS at vacuum extraction in nulliparous women and subsequent prelabor cesarean delivery: A nationwide observational study [2023]
    • Long-term neurological morbidity among children delivered by vacuum extraction - a national cohort study [2023]
• United Kingdom
  • Health Technology Assessment
    • Intravenous co-amoxiclav to prevent infection after operative vaginal delivery: the ANODE RCT [2019]
  • Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
    • Assisted Vaginal Birth [2020]
  • WISDOM
    • Assisted Vaginal Birth (Operative Vaginal Delivery) [2022]
• United States
  • American Journal of Perinatology
    • Duration of Operative Vaginal Delivery and Adverse Obstetric Outcomes [2020]
  • National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
    • Evaluation of delivery options for second-stage events [2016]
  • Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine
    • SMFM Special Statement: Operative vaginal delivery: checklists for performance and documentation [2020]
• WHO
  • World Health Organization
    • Research gaps and needs to optimize the use of assisted vaginal birth: technical brief [2023]
    • WHO recommendation on routine antibiotic prophylaxis for women undergoing operative vaginal birth [2021]
• {Related topics}
  • Topic
    • Labor, delivery

Postpartum (puerperium)

• Australia
  • Australian Journal of General Practice
    • Postpartum nutrition: Guidance for general practitioners to support high-quality care [2022]
    • Postnatal care: The general practitioner visit [2022]
    • Exercise after pregnancy [2022]
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • How do postnatal care guidelines in Australia compare to international standards? A scoping review and comparative analysis [2024]
  • Maternal & Child Nutrition
    • Quality of low-carbohydrate diets among Australian post-partum women: Cross-sectional analysis of a national population-based cohort study [2023]
  • SA Health
    • Psychological Distress after Birth
    • Postnatal Care
    • Bladder Management for Intrapartum and Postnatal Women
• Bangladesh
  • Scientific Reports
    • Inequalities in women's utilization of postnatal care services in Bangladesh from 2004 to 2017 [2022]
• Bangladesh, Pakistan
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Comparison of inequality in utilization of postnatal care services between Bangladesh and Pakistan: Evidence from the Demographic and Health Survey 2017-2018 [2023]
• Canada
  • Canadian Journal of Public Health
    • Improving maternal postpartum mental health screening guidelines requires assessment of post-traumatic stress disorder [2021]
  • Journal of Affective Disorders
    • Thoughts of self-harm and associated risk factors among postpartum women in Canada [2020]
  • Perinatal Services BC
    • Physical Activity During the Postpartum Period
    • Mental Health During the Postpartum Period
    • Healthy Eating During the Postpartum Period
  • Public Health Agency of Canada
    • Postpartum Care
• China
  • Archives of Public Health
    • Inhibitors and facilitators to the utilization of postpartum care in China: an integrative review [2022]
• Ethiopia
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Uptake of postnatal care and its determinants in Ethiopia: a positive deviance approach [2022]
  • BMJ Open
    • Spatial patterns and determinants of postnatal care use in Ethiopia: findings from the 2016 demographic and health survey [2019]
  • Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences
    • Utilization and Determinants of Postnatal Care Services in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2019]
  • International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
    • Postnatal Care Service Utilisation in Ethiopia: Reflecting on 20 Years of Demographic and Health Survey Data [2021]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Home based postpartum care and determinants in Ethiopia: A multilevel analysis [2022]
    • Do mothers who delivered at health facilities return to health facilities for postnatal care follow-up? A multilevel analysis of the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey [2021]
• Europe
  • BMC Health Services Research
    • Policy, service, and training provision for women following a traumatic birth: an international knowledge mapping exercise [2021]
• Finland
  • Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism
    • Incidence of Fracture Hospitalization and Surgery in Women Increases Steadily During the Puerperal and Lactation Period: A Retrospective Register-Based Cohort Study in Finland From 1999 to 2018 [2022]
• High-income countries
  • Birth
    • Mode of birth and development of maternal postnatal post-traumatic stress disorder: A mixed-methods systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]
• International
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Critical signs and symptoms for self-assessment in the immediate postnatal period: an international Systematic Scoping Review and Delphi consensus study [2025]
    • Essential components of postnatal care - a systematic literature review and development of signal functions to guide monitoring and evaluation [2022]
    • Discharge preparation and readiness after birth: a scoping review of global policies, guidelines and literature [2022]
    • Clinical guidelines for postpartum women and infants in primary care - a systematic review [2014]
  • BMJ Global Health
    • WHO recommendations on maternal and newborn care for a positive postnatal experience [2024]
    • Integrating international policy standards in the implementation of postnatal care: a rapid review [2024]
    • Factors that influence the uptake of postnatal care from the perspective of fathers, partners and other family members: a qualitative evidence synthesis [2023]
  • Bulletin of the World Health Organization
    • Improving policy, financing and delivery of postnatal care services [2023]
  • International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
    • FIGO pregnancy passport: A useful tool for women and their healthcare providers on health risks following pregnancy complications [2023]
  • Journal of Sport and Health Science
    • A review of public health guidelines for postpartum physical activity and sedentary behavior from around the world [2024]
  • Malaysian Family Physician
    • Assessment tools to measure postnatal mental illness: A 10-year scoping review [2022]
  • Midwifery
    • A rapid evidence review of postnatal listening services for women following a traumatic or negative childbirth experience [2024]
  • Médecins Sans Frontières
    • Postpartum period [2019]
  • Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey
    • Summary of International Guidelines for Physical Activity Following Pregnancy [2014]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Measurement instruments for parental stress in the postpartum period: A scoping review [2022]
    • Factors that influence uptake of routine postnatal care: Findings on women's perspectives from a qualitative evidence synthesis [2022]
    • Early psychological interventions for prevention and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and post-traumatic stress symptoms in post-partum women: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2021]
    • What matters to women in the postnatal period: A meta-synthesis of qualitative studies [2020]
  • Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal
    • Women's Utilisation, Experiences and Satisfaction with Postnatal Follow-up Care: Systematic literature review [2022]
• Iran
  • BMC Health Services Research
    • A clinical guideline for the Iranian women and newborns in the postpartum period [2024]
• Low and middle income countries
  • PLoS Medicine
    • Length of Stay After Childbirth in 92 Countries and Associated Factors in 30 Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Compilation of Reported Data and a Cross-sectional Analysis from Nationally Representative Surveys [2016]
  • World Health Organization
    • Focusing on postnatal care in low- and middle-income countries
• New Zealand
  • Health New Zealand
    • Observation of Mother and Baby in the Immediate Postnatal Period: Consensus statements guiding practice [2012]
• Norway
  • BMC Public Health
    • Adherence of pregnant women to Nordic dietary guidelines in relation to postpartum weight retention: results from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study [2014]
  • Patient Education and Counseling
    • Women report better experiences from maternity care after postnatal consultations: A cross sectional study [2023]
• Pakistan
  • BMC Public Health
    • Trend analysis of multi-level determinants of maternal and newborn postnatal care utilization in Pakistan from 2006 to 2018: Evidence from Pakistan Demographic and Health Surveys [2023]
• Republic of Korea
  • BMJ Open
    • Secular trends in postpartum weight retention from 2003 to 2012: a nationwide, population-based, retrospective, longitudinal study in South Korea [2020]
• Rwanda
  • Archives of Public Health
    • Prevalence of adequate postnatal care and associated factors in Rwanda: evidence from the Rwanda demographic health survey 2020 [2022]
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Factors associated with postnatal care utilisation in Rwanda: A secondary analysis of 2010 Demographic and Health Survey data [2016]
• Sierra Leone
  • BMC Public Health
    • Prevalence and factors associated with utilisation of postnatal care in Sierra Leone: a 2019 national survey [2022]
• Sub-Saharan Africa
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Only three out of ten women received adequate postnatal care in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from 20 countries demographic and health surveys (2015-2022) [2025]
    • How women's experiences and perceptions of care influence uptake of postnatal care across sub-Saharan Africa: a qualitative systematic review [2021]
    • Opportunities to improve postpartum care for mothers and infants: design of context-specific packages of postpartum interventions in rural districts in four sub-Saharan African countries [2015]
  • Italian Journal of Pediatrics
    • Determinants of postnatal care utilization in sub-Saharan Africa: a meta and multilevel analysis of data from 36 sub-Saharan countries [2020]
• Sweden
  • Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services
    • Treatment for postpartum psychiatric disorders [2021]
• Tanzania
  • Pan African Medical Journal
    • Prevalence and factors associated with early postnatal care utilization among women of reproductive age in Tanzania: analysis of Tanzania demographic health survey 2015/16 [2024]
• Uganda
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Midwives’ perceptions towards the ministry of health guidelines for the provision of immediate postpartum care in rural health facilities in Uganda [2023]
  • BMJ Global Health
    • Immediate postnatal care following childbirth in Ugandan health facilities: an analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys between 2001 and 2016 [2021]
• United Kingdom
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Prevalence and risk factors for postnatal mental health problems in mothers of infants admitted to neonatal care: analysis of two population-based surveys in England [2023]
  • British Journal of General Practice
    • The first 100 days after childbirth: cross-sectional study of maternal clinical events and health needs from primary care [2024]
    • Postnatal care: new NICE guideline for the 'Cinderella service' [2021]
  • International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
    • A Comparison of Three Measures to Identify Postnatal Anxiety: Analysis of the 2020 National Maternity Survey in England [2022]
  • Journal of Affective Disorders
    • Prevalence and factors associated with postpartum posttraumatic stress in a population-based maternity survey in England [2021]
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
    • Postnatal care (Quality standard) [2022]
    • Postnatal care (Guidance) [2021]
    • Postnatal care
  • NHS England
    • GP six to eight week maternal postnatal consultation – what good looks like guidance [2023]
  • Royal College of Psychiatrists
    • Postpartum Psychosis for Carers [2018]
• United States
  • Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
    • Postpartum Care up to 1 Year After Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis [2023]
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
    • Interpregnancy Care [2019]
    • Optimizing Postpartum Care [2018]
  • American Family Physician
    • Postpartum Care: An Approach to the Fourth Trimester [2019]
  • American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
    • Fragmentation of Postpartum Readmissions in the United States [2020]
  • BMC Health Services Research
    • Competing demands in postpartum care: a national survey of U.S. providers’ priorities and practice [2020]
  • Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology
    • Destigmatizing and Democratizing Postpartum Care: A "Black Woman-Person First" Approach [2022]
  • JAMA Health Forum
    • Association of Health Insurance, Geography, and Race and Ethnicity With Disparities in Receipt of Recommended Postpartum Care in the US [2022]
    • Postpartum Cliffs-Missed Opportunities to Promote Maternal Health in the United States [2021]
  • JAMA Network Open
    • Health Insurance Coverage and Postpartum Outcomes in the US: A Systematic Review [2023]
    • Association of Insurance Status With Provision of Recommended Services During Comprehensive Postpartum Visits [2020]
  • Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
    • Prevalence and predictors for postpartum sleep disorders: a nationwide analysis [2023]
  • Maternal and Child Health Journal
    • Delivery and Payment Redesign to Reduce Disparities in High Risk Postpartum Care [2017]
  • Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine
    • Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Position Statement: Extending Medicaid coverage for 12 months postpartum [2024]
    • Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Special Statement: Postpartum visit checklists for normal pregnancy and complicated pregnancy [2022]
    • Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Special Statement: A critique of postpartum readmission rate as a quality metric [2022]
  • Women's Health
    • Racial and ethnic disparities in postpartum weight retention: A narrative review mapping the literature to the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities Research Framework [2023]
  • Women's Health Issues
    • Postpartum Visit Attendance in the United States: A Systematic Review [2022]
• WHO
  • World Health Organization
    • WHO recommendations on maternal and newborn care for a positive postnatal experience [2022]
    • WHO recommendations on postnatal care of the mother and newborn [2014]
    • WHO technical consultation on postpartum and postnatal care [2010]
    • Raising the importance of postnatal care
    • Postpartum care coverage for mothers (%)
• {Related topics}
  • Topic
    • Postpartum infections
    • Postpartum hemorrhage
    • Postpartum depression, perinatal depression
    • Postpartum and postabortion contraception
    • Labor, delivery
    • Breastfeeding

Postpartum depression, perinatal depression

• Africa
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Epidemiology of antenatal depression in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]
  • Pan African Medical Journal
    • The magnitude of postpartum depression among mothers in Africa: a literature review [2020]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Epidemiology of postnatal depression and its associated factors in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]
• Australia
  • Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità
    • An Australian perspective on treating perinatal depression and anxiety: a brief review of efficacy and evidence-based practice in screening, psychosocial assessment and management [2021]
  • Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
    • Perinatal depression: data from the 2010 Australian National Infant Feeding Survey [2012]
  • BMC Psychiatry
    • Enhancing reciprocal partner support to prevent perinatal depression and anxiety: a Delphi consensus study [2016]
  • BMJ Open
    • Lifetime prevalence and correlates of perinatal depression in a case-cohort study of depression [2022]
  • International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
    • National Implementation of Perinatal Mental Health Treatment-The MumSpace Digital Stepped-Care Model [2025]
• Australia, Canada, United States
  • Archives of Women's Mental Health
    • A systematic review of EPDS cultural suitability with Indigenous mothers: a global perspective [2021]
• Brazil
  • Sao Paulo Medical Journal
    • Prevalence of depressive disorders among pregnant women in Brazil in 2019: A descriptive cross-sectional study [2024]
• Canada
  • BMJ Open
    • Antidepressant use during pregnancy and the risk of major congenital malformations in a cohort of depressed pregnant women: an updated analysis of the Quebec Pregnancy Cohort [2017]
  • Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
    • Overestimation of Postpartum Depression Prevalence Based on a 5-item Version of the EPDS: Systematic Review and Individual Participant Data Meta-analysis [2020]
    • Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) 2016 Clinical Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Major Depressive Disorder [2016]
  • Canadian Journal of Public Health
    • Symptoms of postpartum anxiety and depression among women in Canada: findings from a national cross-sectional survey [2021]
    • Postpartum depression prevalence and risk factors among Indigenous, non-Indigenous and immigrant women in Canada [2019]
  • Canadian Paediatric Society
    • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors in pregnancy: Infant and childhood outcomes [2021]
  • Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care
    • Screening for depression among the general adult population and in women during pregnancy or the first-year postpartum: two systematic reviews to inform a guideline of the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care [2022]
    • Recommendation on instrument-based screening for depression during pregnancy and the postpartum period [2022]
    • Depression during pregnancy and the postpartum period (2022) [2022]
• China
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Psychosocial risk factors for postpartum depression in Chinese women: a meta-analysis [2021]
  • Frontiers in Public Health
    • Association between maternal depression and neonatal outcomes: Evidence from a survey of nationally representative longitudinal studies [2022]
  • Journal of Affective Disorders
    • Psychosocial interventions on perinatal depression in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Maternal postnatal confinement practices and postpartum depression in Chinese populations: A systematic review [2023]
• Denmark
  • Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
    • Mirtazapine exposure in pregnancy and fetal safety: A nationwide cohort study [2022]
  • Brain and Behavior
    • Trend of antidepressants before, during, and after pregnancy across two decades—A population-based study [2019]
  • Journal of Affective Disorders
    • Time trends in incidence of postpartum depression and depression in women of reproductive age [2024]
  • Maturitas
    • The association between postpartum depression and perimenopausal depression: A nationwide register-based cohort study [2023]
• Ethiopia
  • BMC Psychiatry
    • Perinatal depression and associated factors in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]
    • Exploring paternal postpartum depression and contributing factors in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Antenatal depression among pregnant women in Ethiopia: An umbrella review [2025]
    • Prevalence and associated factors of post-partum depression in Ethiopia. A systematic review and meta-analysis [2021]
    • Prevalence and determinants of antenatal depression in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2019]
  • Public Health Reviews
    • Postpartum depression and associated factors among postpartum women in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis, 2020 [2020]
  • Reproductive Health
    • The epidemiology of postnatal depression in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]
• Europe
  • EUROCAT
    • Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) Antidepressants in Pregnancy and Congenital Anomalies: Analysis of Linked Databases in Wales, Norway and Funen, Denmark [2016]
• High-income countries
  • Archives of Women's Mental Health
    • Association between maternity leave policies and postpartum depression: a systematic review [2023]
• India
  • BMC Psychiatry
    • Validated screening tools to identify common mental disorders in perinatal and postpartum women in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2021]
  • Bulletin of the World Health Organization
    • Postpartum depression in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2017]
  • Cureus
    • A Review on Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression in India and Its Management [2022]
• Indonesia
  • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
    • Postpartum Depression in Young Mothers in Urban and Rural Indonesia [2023]
• International
  • Archives of Women's Mental Health
    • Effectiveness of digital psychological interventions in reducing perinatal depression: a systematic review of meta-analyses [2023]
  • Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
    • Guidelines on treatment of perinatal depression with antidepressants: An international review [2018]
  • BMC Medicine
    • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use during early pregnancy and congenital malformations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies of more than 9 million births [2018]
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Appraisal of systematic reviews on interventions for postpartum depression: systematic review [2021]
  • BMC Psychiatry
    • Exploring Heterogeneity in perinatal depression: a comprehensive review [2023]
    • Effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy-based interventions for maternal perinatal depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]
    • Risk factors of perinatal depression in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]
    • Prevalence of perinatal depression among HIV-positive women: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2019]
  • BMC Public Health
    • Effect of different physical activity interventions on perinatal depression: a systematic review and network meta-analysis [2024]
    • Global burden of antenatal depression and its association with adverse birth outcomes: an umbrella review [2020]
  • BMJ Open
    • Landscaping the evidence of intimate partner violence and postpartum depression: a systematic review [2022]
  • Comprehensive Psychiatry
    • Mindfulness-based intervention for clinical and subthreshold perinatal depression and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial [2023]
  • General Hospital Psychiatry
    • Effectiveness of interventions to prevent perinatal depression: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analysis [2023]
  • JAMA Network Open
    • Assessment of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures for Maternal Postpartum Depression Using the Consensus-Based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments Guideline: A Systematic Review [2022]
  • Journal of Affective Disorders
    • Personality traits as a risk factor for postpartum depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]
    • Effectiveness of psychological interventions in the treatment of perinatal depression: A systematic review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses [2021]
  • Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
    • Prevalence and correlates of perinatal depression [2023]
  • Translational Psychiatry
    • Mapping global prevalence of depression among postpartum women [2021]
  • Trauma, Violence, & Abuse
    • The Relationship Between a Lifetime History of Sexual Victimization and Perinatal Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2023]
  • Women's Health
    • Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes [2019]
• Italy
  • Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità
    • Epidemiology of perinatal depression in Italy: systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]
  • International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
    • Consensus Panel Recommendations for the Pharmacological Management of Breastfeeding Women with Postpartum Depression [2024]
    • Consensus Panel Recommendations for the Pharmacological Management of Pregnant Women with Depressive Disorders [2023]
  • Journal of Affective Disorders
    • Prevalence of maternal antenatal and postnatal depression and their association with sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors: A multicentre study in Italy [2021]
• Japan
  • Annals of General Psychiatry
    • Prevalence of perinatal depression among Japanese women: a meta-analysis [2020]
  • Journal of Affective Disorders
    • Causal model of the association of social support during pregnancy with a perinatal and postpartum depressive state: A nationwide birth cohort - the Japan Environment and Children's Study [2022]
    • Influence of infants’ feeding patterns and duration on mothers’ postpartum depression: A nationwide birth cohort -The Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS) [2021]
  • Social Science & Medicine
    • Pet ownership during pregnancy and mothers' mental health conditions up to 1 year postpartum: A nationwide birth cohort-the Japan Environment and Children's Study [2022]
• Kosovo
  • Women's Health
    • Prevalence and predictors of postpartum depression in women in Kosovo [2025]
• Low and middle income countries
  • Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
    • The content and delivery of psychological interventions for perinatal depression by non-specialist health workers in low and middle income countries: A systematic review [2014]
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Postnatal depression and its association with adverse infant health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]
  • JAMA Psychiatry
    • Prevalence of Perinatal Depression in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis [2023]
  • PLoS ONE
    • A systematic review of the association between perinatal depression and cognitive development in infancy in low and middle-income countries [2021]
• Middle East
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression in the Middle East: a systematic review and meta–analysis [2021]
• Nordic countries
  • PLoS ONE
    • Use of SSRI and SNRI Antidepressants during Pregnancy: A Population-Based Study from Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Sweden [2015]
• Norway
  • Nursing Research and Practice
    • Postnatal Depression Is a Public Health Nursing Issue: Perspectives from Norway and Ireland [2013]
• OECD countries
  • Archives of Women's Mental Health
    • Perinatal depression screening: a systematic review of recommendations from member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) [2022]
• Palestine
  • BMC Psychology
    • Prevalence of depression and associated factors among critically ill pregnant women in Palestine [2025]
  • BMC Public Health
    • Postpartum depression symptoms: prevalence, risk factors, and childbirth experiences in Palestine [2024]
• Poland
  • Ginekologia Polska
    • Recommendations for the prevention and treatment of postpartum depression [2021]
• Singapore
  • Singapore Medical Journal
    • Postnatal depression: a family medicine perspective [2013]
• South Asia
  • PLoS ONE
    • Social determinants of antenatal depression and anxiety among women in South Asia: A systematic review & meta-analysis [2022]
• South-East Asia
  • International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
    • Maternal Depression during Pregnancy and Postpartum Period among the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Countries: A Scoping Review [2023]
  • Medical Journal of Malaysia
    • A 10-year systematic review and meta-analysis of determinants of postpartum depression in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations countries [2023]
• Sub-Saharan Africa
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Effect of postpartum depression on exclusive breast-feeding practices in sub-Saharan Africa countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2021]
  • Women's Health
    • Characterization and stratification of the correlates of postpartum depression in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review with meta-analysis [2022]
• Sweden
  • European Heart Journal
    • Perinatal depression and risk of maternal cardiovascular disease: a Swedish nationwide study [2024]
  • Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services
    • Women's experiences of psychological treatment and psychosocial interventions for postpartum depression: a qualitative systematic review and meta-synthesis [2023]
    • Psychological Treatment for Postpartum Depression [2022]
    • Important research outcomes for treatment studies of perinatal depression: systematic overview and development of a core outcome set [2021]
    • Development of a Core Outcome Set (COS) for treatment of depression during or after pregnancy (antenatal and postpartum depression) [2020]
• Taiwan
  • International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
    • Association of Postpartum Depression with Maternal Suicide: A Nationwide Population-Based Study [2022]
  • Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
    • Postpartum Depression and Psychosis and Subsequent Severe Mental Illnesses in Mothers and Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Children: A Nationwide Study [2021]
  • Journal of Personalized Medicine
    • Association of General Anesthesia and Neuraxial Anesthesia in Caesarean Section with Maternal Postpartum Depression: A Retrospective Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study [2022]
• United Arab Emirates
  • Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
    • Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression among women living in the United Arab Emirates [2023]
• United Kingdom
  • BMJ
    • Screening for postnatal depression in primary care: cost effectiveness analysis [2010]
  • BMJ Paediatrics Open
    • Variation in the management of SSRI-exposed babies across England [2018]
  • Health Technology Assessment
    • Antidepressants in pregnancy: applying causal epidemiological methods to understand service-use outcomes in women and long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in exposed children [2023]
  • Royal College of Psychiatrists
    • Postnatal depression information for carers [2018]
  • UK National Screening Committee
    • Postnatal depression
• United States
  • Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine
    • ABM Clinical Protocol #18: Use of Antidepressants in Breastfeeding Mothers [2015]
  • Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
    • Interventions to Prevent Perinatal Depression: A Systematic Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force [2019]
  • American Academy of Pediatrics
    • Incorporating Recognition and Management of Perinatal Depression Into Pediatric Practice [2019]
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
    • Zuranolone for the Treatment of Postpartum Depression [2023]
    • Screening for Perinatal Depression [2018]
  • American Psychiatric Association
    • The management of depression during pregnancy: a report from the American Psychiatric Association and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists [2009]
  • Archives of Women's Mental Health
    • Trajectories of depressive symptoms among mothers of preterm and full-term infants in a national sample [2022]
    • Perinatal Depression: A Review of U.S. Legislation and Law [2013]
  • Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses
    • Maternal and Newborn Safety During the Administration of Brexanolone: AWHONN Practice Brief Number 10 [2020]
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    • Vital Signs: Postpartum Depressive Symptoms and Provider Discussions About Perinatal Depression — United States, 2018 [2020]
    • Trends in Postpartum Depressive Symptoms — 27 States, 2004, 2008, and 2012 [2017]
  • Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
    • Perinatal depression: A review [2020]
  • JAMA
    • Primary Care Screening for and Treatment of Depression in Pregnant and Postpartum Women: Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force [2016]
  • Journal of Affective Disorders
    • Trends in antenatal depression and suicidal ideation diagnoses among commercially insured childbearing individuals in the United States, 2008-2018 [2023]
    • Summary diagnostic validity of commonly used maternal major depression disorder case finding instruments in the United States: A meta-analysis [2016]
    • Diagnostic performance of major depression disorder case-finding instruments used among mothers of young children in the United States: A systematic review [2016]
  • Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
    • Past Psychiatric Conditions as Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression: A Nationwide Cohort Study [2020]
  • Journal of Perinatology
    • Disparities in antidepressant use in pregnancy [2014]
  • Journal of Women's Health
    • Perinatal Depression: Challenges and Opportunities [2021]
    • Preventing Perinatal Depression Now: A Call to Action [2020]
  • Medicaid
    • Maternal Depression Screening and Treatment: A Critical Role for Medicaid in the Care of Mothers and Children [2016]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Trends in prevalence and treatment of antepartum and postpartum depression in the United States: Data from the national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES) 2007 to 2018 [2025]
  • StatPearls
    • Postpartum Depression
  • U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
    • Perinatal Depression: Preventive Interventions [2023]
• Vietnam
  • BMC Women's Health
    • Postpartum depression in Vietnam: a scoping review of symptoms, consequences, and management [2023]
  • Frontiers in Psychology
    • The Rate and Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression in Vietnam From 2010 to 2020: A Literature Review [2021]
• Western countries
  • Archives of Women's Mental Health
    • Women's experiences of care and treatment preferences for perinatal depression: a systematic review [2023]
  • Public Health Reviews
    • Positive postpartum depression screening practices and subsequent mental health treatment for low-income women in Western countries: a systematic literature review [2017]
• WHO
  • World Health Organization
    • Thinking healthy: a manual for psychosocial management of perinatal depression, WHO generic field-trial version 1.0, 2015 [2015]
• {Related topics}
  • Topic
    • Postpartum (puerperium)
    • Neurologic and mental disorders in pregnancy

Postpartum hemorrhage

• Afghanistan
  • BMC Health Services Research
    • Quality of care in prevention, detection and management of postpartum hemorrhage in hospitals in Afghanistan: an observational assessment [2020]
• Australia
  • Australian Family Physician
    • Misoprostol for post-partum haemorrhage in the Australian bush [2014]
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Trends and outcomes of postpartum haemorrhage, 2003-2011 [2015]
  • NSW Health
    • Postpartum Haemorrhage (PPH)
  • Queensland Health
    • Primary postpartum haemorrhage
  • SA Health
    • Postpartum Haemorrhage
• Australia, Canada, United States
  • International Journal of Circumpolar Health
    • Postpartum haemorrhage in rural Indigenous women: scoping review of a global obstetrical challenge [2022]
• Australia, New Zealand
  • Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
    • Management of Postpartum Haemorrhage (PPH) [2021]
• Bangladesh
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Modeling maternal mortality in Bangladesh: the role of misoprostol in postpartum hemorrhage prevention [2014]
  • Journal of Global Health
    • Haemorrhage-related maternal mortality in Bangladesh: Levels, trends, time of death, and care-seeking practices based on nationally representative population-based surveys [2023]
• Bosnia and Herzegovina
  • Acta Informatica Medica
    • Application of Agree II Instrument for Appraisal of Postpartum Hemorrhage Clinical Practice Guidelines in Bosnia and Herzegovina [2016]
• Brazil
  • Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia
    • Surgical management of postpartum hemorrhage [2020]
    • Postpartum hemorrhage: prevention, diagnosis and non-surgical management [2020]
• Canada
  • Association of Ontario Midwives
    • Prevention and Management of Postpartum Hemorrhage [2024]
  • Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health
    • Vacuum-Induced Uterine Tamponade for Postpartum Hemorrhage [2022]
    • Carbetocin for the Prevention of Post-Partum Hemorrhage: A Review of Clinical Effectiveness, Cost-Effectiveness, and Guidelines [2019]
    • Hydroxyethyl Starch Use for Patients with Postpartum Hemorrhage: A Review of Clinical Effectiveness, Safety, and Guidelines [2014]
  • Perinatal Services BC
    • Postpartum Hemorrhage (PPH): Prevention and Management
  • Public Health Agency of Canada
    • Temporal trends in postpartum hemorrhage and severe postpartum hemorrhage in Canada from 2003 to 2010 [2014]
  • Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
    • Postpartum Hemorrhage and Hemorrhagic Shock [2022]
    • Active Management of the Third Stage of Labour: Prevention and Treatment of Postpartum Hemorrhage [2018]
• Canada, France
  • PLoS ONE
    • Postpartum Haemorrhage in Canada and France: A Population-Based Comparison [2013]
• China
  • Frontiers in Medicine
    • Incidence and Risk Factors of Postpartum Hemorrhage in China: A Multicenter Retrospective Study [2021]
• Ethiopia
  • PLoS ONE
    • Target areas to reduce the burden of maternal death due to obstetric hemorrhage in Ethiopia [2022]
  • Reproductive Health
    • Magnitude of postpartum hemorrhage and associated factors among women who gave birth in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]
• Europe
  • Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe
    • CIRSE standards of practice on gynaecological and obstetric haemorrhage [2020]
  • European Journal of Anaesthesiology
    • Haemostatic support in postpartum haemorrhage: A review of the literature and expert opinion [2023]
  • European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
    • A study of the healthcare resource use for the management of postpartum haemorrhage in France, Italy, the Netherlands, and the UK [2021]
  • Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
    • Role of recombinant factor VIIa in the clinical management of severe postpartum hemorrhage: consensus among European experts [2024]
• France
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Incidence of immediate postpartum hemorrhages in French maternity units: a prospective observational study (HERA study) [2016]
  • Healthcare
    • Does the Quality of Postpartum Hemorrhage Local Protocols Improve the Identification and Management of Blood Loss after Vaginal Deliveries? A Multicenter Cohort Study [2022]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Variation in severe postpartum hemorrhage management: A national vignette-based study [2018]
    • Variations in Postpartum Hemorrhage Management among Midwives: A National Vignette-Based Study [2016]
    • Staff and Institutional Factors Associated with Substandard Care in the Management of Postpartum Hemorrhage [2016]
  • Scientific Reports
    • Evaluating the quality of care for postpartum hemorrhage with a new quantitative tool: a population-based study [2022]
• Germany
  • British Journal of Anaesthesia
    • Use of cell salvage in obstetrics in Germany: analysis of national database of 305 610 cases with peripartum haemorrhage [2024]
• Ghana
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Experiencing challenges when implementing Active Management of Third Stage of Labor (AMTSL): a qualitative study with midwives in Accra, Ghana [2014]
• High-income countries
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Trends in postpartum hemorrhage in high resource countries: a review and recommendations from the International Postpartum Hemorrhage Collaborative Group [2009]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Primary postpartum haemorrhage and longer-term physical, psychological, and psychosocial health outcomes for women and their partners in high income countries: A mixed-methods systematic review [2023]
• India
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Cost-effectiveness and budget impact of adding tranexamic acid for management of post-partum hemorrhage in the Indian public health system [2023]
  • Ministry of Health and Family Welfare India
    • Prevention and Management of Postpartum Haemorrhage [2015]
• International
  • Anesthesia & Analgesia
    • National and International Guidelines for Patient Blood Management in Obstetrics: A Qualitative Review [2017]
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Misoprostol for postpartum hemorrhage prevention at home birth: an integrative review of global implementation experience to date [2013]
  • BMJ Open
    • Accuracy of machine learning and traditional statistical models in the prediction of postpartum haemorrhage: a systematic review [2025]
    • Strategies for optimising early detection and obstetric first response management of postpartum haemorrhage at caesarean birth: a modified Delphi-based international expert consensus [2024]
  • Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology (English Edition)
    • Analysis of the efficacy of prophylactic tranexamic acid in preventing postpartum bleeding: systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials [2023]
  • Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
    • Perceptions and experiences of the prevention, detection, and management of postpartum haemorrhage: a qualitative evidence synthesis [2023]
    • Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta [2021]
    • Uterotonic agents for first-line treatment of postpartum haemorrhage: a network meta-analysis [2020]
    • Intravenous versus intramuscular prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour [2020]
  • Ginekologia Polska
    • Epidemiology, prevention and management of early postpartum hemorrhage — a systematic review [2020]
  • Global Health: Science and Practice
    • Are national policies and programs for prevention and management of postpartum hemorrhage and preeclampsia adequate? A key informant survey in 37 countries [2014]
  • International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
    • Uterine atony and uterotonics in postpartum haemorrhage [2023]
    • Guidance on the use of heat-stable carbetocin as an alternative to oxytocin in the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage [2023]
    • FIGO recommendations on the management of postpartum hemorrhage 2022 [2022]
    • FIGO and the International Confederation of Midwives endorse WHO guidelines on prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage [2022]
    • Joint statement of recommendation for the use of uterotonics for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage [2021]
    • Joint statement of recommendation for the use of tranexamic acid for the treatment of postpartum haemorrhage [2021]
    • Clinical guidelines—the challenges and opportunities: What we have learned from the case of misoprostol for postpartum hemorrhage [2019]
    • FIGO's updated recommendations for misoprostol used alone in gynecology and obstetrics [2017]
    • Non-pneumatic anti-shock garment to stabilize women with hypovolemic shock secondary to obstetric hemorrhage [2015]
    • Postpartum Haemorrhage
  • Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis
    • Management of coagulopathy associated with postpartum hemorrhage: guidance from the SSC of the ISTH [2016]
  • Lancet
    • Tranexamic acid for postpartum bleeding: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials [2024]
  • Network for the Advancement of Patient Blood Management, Haemostasis and Thrombosis
    • Patient blood management in obstetrics: prevention and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage. A NATA consensus statement [2019]
  • New England Journal of Medicine
    • Heat-Stable Carbetocin versus Oxytocin to Prevent Hemorrhage after Vaginal Birth [2018]
  • Nursing Open
    • Roles and challenges encountered by midwives in the management of postpartum haemorrhage following normal vaginal delivery: A scoping review [2024]
  • Obstetrics & Gynecology
    • World Health Organization Recommendation for Using Uterine Balloon Tamponade to Treat Postpartum Hemorrhage [2022]
    • Risk Factors for Atonic Postpartum Hemorrhage: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis [2021]
  • Oxford Maternal and Perinatal Health Institute
    • The evidence-based management of Postpartum Haemorrhage [2013]
  • Pharmacology Research & Perspectives
    • Side-effects of carbetocin to prevent postpartum hemorrhage: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials [2021]
  • PLoS Medicine
    • The cost-effectiveness of preventing, diagnosing, and treating postpartum haemorrhage: A systematic review of economic evaluations [2024]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Would you like to participate in this trial? The practice of informed consent in intrapartum research in the last 30 years [2020]
    • What matters to women and healthcare providers in relation to interventions for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage: A qualitative systematic review [2019]
  • Reproductive Health
    • Duration of third stage labour and postpartum blood loss: a secondary analysis of the WHO CHAMPION trial data [2021]
  • Vaccine
    • Postpartum haemorrhage: Case definition and guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data [2016]
• Ireland
  • European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
    • Trends, causes and factors associated with primary Postpartum Haemorrhage (PPH) in Ireland: A review of one million hospital childbirths [2024]
  • Ireland's Health Services
    • Prevention and Management of Primary Postpartum Haemorrhage [2022]
• Italy
  • International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
    • Uptake and Adherence to National Guidelines on Postpartum Haemorrhage in Italy: The MOVIE before-after Observational Study [2023]
  • La Clinica Terapeutica
    • The daily-practiced post-partum hemorrhage management: an Italian multidisciplinary attended protocol [2017]
• Japan
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Impact of efforts to prevent maternal deaths due to obstetric hemorrhage on trends in epidemiology and management of severe postpartum hemorrhage in Japan: a nationwide retrospective study [2022]
• Kazakhstan
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • The impact of the implementation of the postpartum haemorrhage management guidelines at the first regional perinatal centre in Southern Kazakhstan [2016]
• Kenya
  • International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics
    • A synthesis of clinical and health system bottlenecks to implementing new WHO postpartum hemorrhage recommendations: Secondary data analysis of the Kenya Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Deaths 2014-2017 [2022]
• Kosovo
  • BMC Public Health
    • Navigating barriers: two-year follow up on recommendations to improve the use of maternal health guidelines in Kosovo [2016]
• Latin America and the Caribbean
  • PLoS ONE
    • Oxytocin in Uniject Disposable Auto-Disable Injection System versus Standard Use for the Prevention of Postpartum Hemorrhage in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis [2015]
  • Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia
    • Fetal Macrosomia and Postpartum Hemorrhage in Latin American and Caribbean Region: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis [2023]
• Low and middle income countries
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Uterotonics for prevention of postpartum haemorrhage: EN-BIRTH multi-country validation study [2021]
    • Prevention of postpartum haemorrhage: cost consequences analysis of misoprostol in low-resource settings [2015]
  • International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
    • Tranexamic Acid for Postpartum Hemorrhage Treatment in Low-Resource Settings: A Rapid Scoping Review [2022]
    • Implementing Heat-Stable Carbetocin for Postpartum Haemorrhage Prevention in Low-Resource Settings: A Rapid Scoping Review [2022]
  • International Journal of Women's Health
    • Prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in low-resource settings: current perspectives [2013]
  • Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Care and Sciences
    • Oxytocin quality: evidence to support updated global recommendations on oxytocin for postpartum hemorrhage [2020]
  • Reproductive Health
    • Cost of hospital care of women with postpartum haemorrhage in India, Kenya, Nigeria and Uganda: a financial case for improved prevention [2021]
    • Barriers or gaps in implementation of misoprostol use for post-abortion care and post-partum hemorrhage prevention in developing countries: a systematic review [2017]
• Low-income countries
  • Journal of Global Health
    • Barriers and facilitators to the quality use of essential medicines for maternal health in low–resource countries: An Ishikawa framework [2015]
• Malawi
  • BMJ Global Health
    • Avoidable factors associated with maternal death from postpartum haemorrhage: a national Malawian surveillance study [2025]
• Mali, Niger
  • BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
    • Improving postpartum care for mothers and newborns in Niger and Mali: a case study of an integrated maternal and newborn improvement programme [2014]
• Mali, Senegal
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Factors associated with postpartum hemorrhage maternal death in referral hospitals in Senegal and Mali: a cross-sectional epidemiological survey [2015]
• Mesoamerica
  • BMJ Open
    • Access and use of oxytocin for postpartum haemorrhage prevention: a pre-post study targeting the poorest in six Mesoamerican countries [2020]
• Netherlands
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Development of a tailored strategy to improve postpartum hemorrhage guideline adherence [2018]
    • Incidence, management and outcome of women requiring massive transfusion after childbirth in the Netherlands: secondary analysis of a nationwide cohort study between 2004 and 2006 [2017]
    • Influencing factors for high quality care on postpartum haemorrhage in the Netherlands: patient and professional perspectives [2015]
    • Postpartum haemorrhage in midwifery care in the Netherlands: validation of quality indicators for midwifery guidelines [2014]
    • The development of quality indicators for the prevention and management of postpartum haemorrhage in primary midwifery care in the Netherlands [2013]
  • British Journal of Anaesthesia
    • Peri-partum reference ranges for ROTEM® thromboelastometry [2014]
• New Zealand
  • Health New Zealand
    • National Consensus Guideline for Treatment of Postpartum Haemorrhage [2022]
• Niger
  • Lancet Global Health
    • The effects of a peripartum strategy to prevent and treat primary postpartum haemorrhage at health facilities in Niger: a longitudinal, 72-month study [2023]
• Nigeria
  • BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
    • Maternal near-miss and death among women with postpartum haemorrhage: a secondary analysis of the Nigeria Near-miss and Maternal Death Survey [2019]
• Philippines
  • BMC Health Services Research
    • Economic evaluation of carbetocin as prophylaxis for postpartum hemorrhage in the Philippines [2020]
• Sierra Leone
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Use of prophylactic uterotonics during the third stage of labor: a survey of provider practices in community health facilities in Sierra Leone [2016]
• Singapore
  • Singapore Medical Journal
    • Implementation of an obstetric cell salvage service in a tertiary women’s hospital [2015]
• Sri Lanka
  • Sri Lanka College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists
    • Management of Primary Postpartum Haemorrhage [2022]
    • Guideline on Management of Primary Post-Partum Haemorrhage [2020]
• Sub-Saharan Africa
  • BMJ Open
    • Access to oxytocin and misoprostol for management of postpartum haemorrhage in Kenya, Uganda and Zambia: a cross-sectional assessment of availability, prices and affordability [2021]
  • International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics
    • Challenges in updating national guidelines and essential medicines lists in Sub-Saharan African countries to include WHO-recommended postpartum hemorrhage medicines [2022]
  • Nature Medicine
    • A cost-effectiveness analysis of early detection and bundled treatment of postpartum hemorrhage alongside the E-MOTIVE trial [2024]
• Suriname
  • PLoS ONE
    • Postpartum hemorrhage in Suriname: A national descriptive study of hospital births and an audit of case management [2020]
• Sweden
  • Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
    • Accuracy of postpartum hemorrhage coding in the Swedish Pregnancy Register [2021]
  • European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
    • A Swedish register-based study exploring primary postpartum hemorrhage in 405 936 full term vaginal births between 2005 and 2015 [2021]
• Switzerland
  • Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics
    • Red blood cell transfusion in obstetrics and its implication for patient blood management: a retrospective analysis in Switzerland from 1998 to 2016 [2021]
    • Patient blood management (PBM) in pregnancy and childbirth: literature review and expert opinion [2020]
• Tanzania
  • Reproductive Health
    • Improvement in the active management of the third stage of labor for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in Tanzania: a cross-sectional study [2018]
• Thailand
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Maternal and health service predictors of postpartum hemorrhage across 14 district, general and regional hospitals in Thailand [2020]
• Uganda
  • Ministry of Health Uganda
    • Activity Implementation Framework to Accelerate Reduction of Maternal Mortality Due to Postpartum Haemorrhage FY 2020/2021 [2020]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Measuring Post-Partum Haemorrhage in Low-Resource Settings: The Diagnostic Validity of Weighed Blood Loss versus Quantitative Changes in Hemoglobin [2016]
    • Potential Cost-Effectiveness of Prenatal Distribution of Misoprostol for Prevention of Postpartum Hemorrhage in Uganda [2015]
  • Reproductive Health
    • Incidence and risk factors for postpartum hemorrhage in Uganda [2016]
• United Kingdom
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Reduction in massive postpartum haemorrhage and red blood cell transfusion during a national quality improvement project, Obstetric Bleeding Strategy for Wales, OBS Cymru: an observational study [2021]
    • Incidence of postpartum haemorrhage defined by quantitative blood loss measurement: a national cohort [2020]
  • Health Technology Assessment
    • Uterotonic drugs to prevent postpartum haemorrhage: a network meta-analysis [2019]
    • Glyceryl trinitrate to reduce the need for manual removal of retained placenta following vaginal delivery: the GOT-IT RCT [2019]
  • Journal of Medical Economics
    • Cost-effectiveness analysis of carbetocin versus oxytocin for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage following vaginal birth in the United Kingdom [2022]
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
    • Assessment of secondary postpartum haemorrhage [2021]
  • Right Decisions
    • Post Partum Haemorrhage, Management
  • Risk Management and Healthcare Policy
    • Management of obstetric postpartum hemorrhage: a national service evaluation of current practice in the UK [2017]
  • Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
    • Prevention and Management of Postpartum Haemorrhage [2016]
  • WISDOM
    • Prevention and Management of Post Partum Haemorrhage [2023]
  • Women and Birth
    • Outcomes for women admitted for labour care to alongside midwifery units in the UK following a postpartum haemorrhage in a previous pregnancy: A national population-based cohort and nested case-control study using the UK Midwifery Study System (UKMidSS) [2023]
• United States
  • Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
    • Management of Postpartum Hemorrhage: Current State of the Evidence [2016]
    • Management of Postpartum Hemorrhage [2015]
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
    • Quantitative Blood Loss in Obstetric Hemorrhage [2019]
  • American Family Physician
    • Postpartum Hemorrhage: Prevention and Treatment [2017]
  • Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses
    • Quantification of Blood Loss: AWHONN Practice Brief Number 13 [2021]
    • Guidelines for Active Management of the Third Stage of Labor using Oxytocin: AWHONN Practice Brief Number 12 [2021]
  • Blood Transfusion
    • A national update on rates of postpartum haemorrhage and related interventions [2020]
  • Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health
    • The Use of Tranexamic Acid to Prevent Postpartum Hemorrhage [2020]
  • Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis
    • National Trends in Tranexamic Acid Use in the Peripartum Period, 2015—2019 [2020]
  • National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
    • Tranexamic Acid to Prevent Obstetrical Hemorrhage after Cesarean Delivery [2023]
  • Obstetrics & Gynecology
    • National Partnership for Maternal Safety: Consensus Bundle on Obstetric Hemorrhage [2015]
• WHO
  • World Health Organization
    • WHO recommendations on the assessment of postpartum blood loss and use of a treatment bundle for postpartum haemorrhage [2023]
    • A roadmap to combat postpartum haemorrhage between 2023 and 2030 [2023]
    • WHO recommendation on uterine balloon tamponade for the treatment of postpartum haemorrhage [2021]
    • Regulatory guidance for assessment and management of applications for marketing authorization of oxytocin [2021]
    • WHO recommendation on umbilical vein injection of oxytocin for the treatment of retained placenta [2020]
    • WHO recommendation on routes of oxytocin administration for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage after vaginal birth [2020]
    • WHO recommendation on advance misoprostol distribution to pregnant women for prevention of postpartum haemorrhage [2020]
    • Postpartum hemorrhage care bundles to improve adherence to guidelines: A WHO technical consultation [2020]
    • Appropriate storage and management of oxytocin – a key commodity for maternal health. WHO/UNICEF/UNFPA Joint Statement [2019]
    • WHO recommendations: uterotonics for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage [2018]
    • WHO recommendation on tranexamic acid for the treatment of postpartum haemorrhage [2017]
    • Postpartum haemorrhage management, risks, and maternal outcomes: findings from the World Health Organization Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health [2014]
    • Active management of the third stage of labour: new WHO recommendations help to focus implementation [2014]
    • WHO recommendations for the prevention and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage [2012]
    • WHO statement regarding the use of misoprostol for postpartum haemorrhage prevention and treatment [2009]
    • WHO guidelines for the management of postpartum haemorrhage and retained placenta [2009]
    • Managing postpartum haemorrhage [2008]
    • Postpartum haemorrhage
    • Maternal haemorrhage
• {Related topics}
  • Topic
    • Third stage of labor
    • Postpartum (puerperium)
    • Bleeding in pregnancy, placenta diseases

Premature labor, preterm delivery

• Australia
  • Australian Journal of General Practice
    • The shortened cervix in pregnancy: Investigation and current management recommendations for primary caregivers [2019]
  • NSW Health
    • Management of Threatened Preterm Labour
  • PLoS ONE
    • The elements of success in a comprehensive state-wide program to safely reduce the rate of preterm birth [2020]
  • Queensland Health
    • Preterm labour and birth
  • SA Health
    • Preterm Labour and Birth: Prevention, Diagnosis & Management
    • Cervical Length and Cerclage
• Australia, New Zealand
  • Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
    • Progesterone: Use in the second and third trimester of pregnancy for the prevention of preterm birth [2023]
    • Measurement of cervical length for prediction of preterm birth [2021]
• Austria
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Differences between evidence-based recommendations and actual clinical practice regarding tocolysis: a prospective multicenter registry study [2018]
  • Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde
    • Statement by the OEGGG with Review of the Literature on the Mode of Delivery of Premature Infants at the Limit of Viability [2018]
• Austria, Germany, Switzerland
  • Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde
    • Prevention and Therapy of Preterm Birth. Guideline of the DGGG, OEGGG and SGGG (S2k Level, AWMF Registry Number 015/025, February 2019) – Part 2 with Recommendations on the Tertiary Prevention of Preterm Birth and the Management of Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes [2019]
    • Prevention and Therapy of Preterm Birth. Guideline of the DGGG, OEGGG and SGGG (S2k Level, AWMF Registry Number 015/025, February 2019) – Part 1 with Recommendations on the Epidemiology, Etiology, Prediction, Primary and Secondary Prevention of Preterm Birth [2019]
• Brazil
  • BMC Public Health
    • Association between preterm births and socioeconomic development: analysis of national data [2022]
  • Clinics
    • The role of maternal infection in preterm birth: evidence from the Brazilian Multicentre Study on Preterm Birth (EMIP) [2020]
  • PLoS ONE
    • The Burden of Provider-Initiated Preterm Birth and Associated Factors: Evidence from the Brazilian Multicenter Study on Preterm Birth (EMIP) [2016]
  • Reproductive Health
    • Prevalence and risk factors related to preterm birth in Brazil [2016]
• Canada
  • Perinatal Services BC
    • Preterm Labour and Preterm/Very Preterm Birth
  • Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
    • Sonographic Cervical Length in Singleton Pregnancies: Techniques and Clinical Applications [2020]
    • Progesterone for Prevention of Spontaneous Preterm Birth [2020]
    • Universal Cervical Length Screening [2019]
    • Ultrasonographic Cervical Length Assessment in Predicting Preterm Birth in Singleton Pregnancies [2018]
    • Obstetric Management at Borderline Viability [2017]
• Chile
  • BioMed Research International
    • Increase in Preterm Birth during Demographic Transition in Chile from 1991 to 2012 [2015]
• China
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Preterm delivery rate in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]
  • BMJ Open
    • Incidence and trend of preterm birth in China, 1990–2016: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]
  • Lancet Global Health
    • Preterm births in China between 2012 and 2018: an observational study of more than 9 million women [2021]
  • Neonatology
    • The Association between Evidence-Based Healthcare Practices and Outcomes among Preterm Births in China [2022]
  • Reproductive Health
    • Rate of gestational weight gain and preterm birth in relation to prepregnancy body mass indices and trimester: a follow-up study in China [2016]
  • Saudi Medical Journal
    • Prevalence of preterm birth and risk factors associated with it at different gestational ages: A multicenter retrospective survey in China [2022]
• Denmark
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Adherence to recommended physical activity restrictions due to threatened preterm delivery - a descriptive multi-center study [2023]
• Dominican Republic
  • BMJ Open
    • Risk factors associated with preterm birth in the Dominican Republic: a case-control study [2021]
• East Africa
  • Italian Journal of Pediatrics
    • Determinants of preterm birth among mothers who gave birth in East Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]
• Ethiopia
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Epidemiology of preterm birth in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis [2020]
  • Heliyon
    • Is preterm birth associated with intimate partner violence and maternal malnutrition during pregnancy in Ethiopia? A systematic review and meta analysis [2021]
  • Inquiry
    • Effect of Preterm Birth on the Risk of Adverse Perinatal and Neonatal Outcomes in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2021]
  • Reproductive Health
    • Is intimate partner violence and obstetrics characteristics of pregnant women associated with preterm birth in Ethiopia? Umbrella review on preterm birth [2023]
• Europe
  • Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology
    • What contributes to disparities in the preterm birth rate in European countries? [2015]
  • Euro-Peristat
    • Preterm birth time trends in Europe: a study of 19 countries [2013]
  • European Board and College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
    • Omega-3 fatty acid supply in pregnancy for risk reduction of preterm and early preterm birth: A position statement by the European Board and College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (EBCOG) [2024]
  • European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
    • Differences in clinical practice regarding screening and treatment of infections associated with spontaneous preterm birth: An international survey [2021]
  • European Standards of Care for Newborn Health
    • Information provision for women about the risk for preterm birth (PTB)
  • Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
    • Guidelines for the management of spontaneous preterm labor: identification of spontaneous preterm labor, diagnosis of preterm premature rupture of membranes, and preventive tools for preterm birth [2011]
• Finland
  • Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
    • Means of reaching successful antenatal transfers to level 3 hospitals in cases of threatened very preterm deliveries: a national survey [2022]
• France
  • BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
    • Early exposure of pregnant women to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs delivered outside hospitals and preterm birth risk: nationwide cohort study [2021]
  • BMC Public Health
    • Ability of municipality-level deprivation indices to capture social inequalities in perinatal health in France: A nationwide study using preterm birth and small for gestational age to illustrate their relevance [2022]
  • Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation
    • Cost-effectiveness of diagnostic tests for threatened preterm labor in singleton pregnancy in France [2018]
  • European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
    • Prevention of spontaneous preterm birth: Guidelines for clinical practice from the French College of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians (CNGOF) [2017]
• Germany
  • Deutsches Ärzteblatt International
    • Reducing the Risk of Preterm Birth by Ambulatory Risk Factor Management [2019]
    • The Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Premature Labor [2013]
  • European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
    • Do obstetric units adhere to the evidence-based national guideline? A Germany-wide survey on the current practice of initial tocolysis [2022]
  • Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde
    • Position Paper of the Task Force for Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine (AGG – Section Preterm Birth) on the Placement, Removal and Surveillance of the Arabin Cervical Pessary in Patients at Risk for Spontaneous Preterm Birth [2019]
• High-income countries
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • The effectiveness of antenatal care programmes to reduce infant mortality and preterm birth in socially disadvantaged and vulnerable women in high-income countries: a systematic review [2011]
  • Euro-Peristat
    • International variations in the gestational age distribution of births: an ecological study in 34 high-income countries [2018]
    • Variations in very preterm birth rates in 30 high-income countries: are valid international comparisons possible using routine data? [2017]
• International
  • American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
    • Does vaginal progesterone prevent recurrent preterm birth in women with a singleton gestation and a history of spontaneous preterm birth? Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis [2022]
  • American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM
    • Omega-3 fatty acid supply in pregnancy for risk reduction of preterm and early preterm birth [2024]
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • The association between interpregnancy intervals and preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]
    • Comparison of the efficacy of nifedipine with ritodrine, nitroglycerine and magnesium sulfate for the management of preterm labor: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]
    • Progesterone, cervical cerclage or cervical pessary to prevent preterm birth: a decision-making analysis of international guidelines [2022]
  • BMC Public Health
    • Mediators of socioeconomic inequalities in preterm birth: a systematic review [2022]
  • BMJ Open
    • Comparative effectiveness and safety of nifedipine and magnesium sulfate as treatment options for preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2025]
    • Interventions for the prevention of spontaneous preterm birth: a scoping review of systematic reviews [2022]
  • Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
    • Tocolytics for delaying preterm birth: a network meta-analysis (0924) [2022]
  • International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
    • FIGO good practice recommendations on optimizing models of care for the prevention and mitigation of preterm birth [2024]
    • Effective and simple interventions to improve outcomes for preterm infants worldwide: The FIGO PremPrep-5 initiative [2024]
    • FIGO good practice recommendations for preterm labor and preterm prelabor rupture of membranes: Prep-for-Labor triage to minimize risks and maximize favorable outcomes [2023]
    • FIGO good practice recommendations on the use of pessary for reducing the frequency and improving outcomes of preterm birth [2021]
    • FIGO good practice recommendations on the importance of registry data for monitoring rates and health systems performance in prevention and management of preterm birth [2021]
    • FIGO good practice recommendations on progestogens for prevention of preterm delivery [2021]
    • FIGO good practice recommendations on modifiable causes of iatrogenic preterm birth [2021]
    • FIGO good practice recommendations on cervical cerclage for prevention of preterm birth [2021]
    • FIGO good practice recommendations for reducing preterm birth and improving child outcomes [2021]
  • International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics
    • Prediction and prevention of preterm birth: Quality assessment and systematic review of clinical practice guidelines using the AGREE II framework [2024]
  • International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids
    • ISSFAL statement number 7 - Omega-3 fatty acids during pregnancy to reduce preterm birth [2022]
  • International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
    • ISUOG Practice Guidelines: role of ultrasound in the prediction of spontaneous preterm birth [2022]
  • Lancet Global Health
    • Global, regional, and national estimates of levels of preterm birth in 2014: a systematic review and modelling analysis [2018]
  • Medicina
    • Effect of Treating Periodontal Disease in Pregnant Women to Reduce the Risk of Preterm Birth and Low Birth Weight: An Umbrella Review [2024]
  • PLoS Medicine
    • Factors influencing appropriate use of interventions for management of women experiencing preterm birth: A mixed-methods systematic review and narrative synthesis [2022]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Progestogens for maintenance tocolysis in symptomatic women. A systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]
    • Is there a maternal blood biomarker that can predict spontaneous preterm birth prior to labour onset? A systematic review [2022]
  • Reproductive Health
    • Tocolysis for inhibiting preterm birth in extremely preterm birth, multiple gestations and in growth-restricted fetuses: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2016]
    • Reducing the global burden of Preterm Birth through knowledge transfer and exchange: a research agenda for engaging effectively with policymakers [2016]
    • Born Too Soon: The global epidemiology of 15 million preterm births [2013]
    • Born Too Soon: Preterm birth matters [2013]
    • Born Too Soon: Care during pregnancy and childbirth to reduce preterm deliveries and improve health outcomes of the preterm baby [2013]
    • Born Too Soon: Care before and between pregnancy to prevent preterm births: from evidence to action [2013]
    • Born Too Soon: Accelerating actions for prevention and care of 15 million newborns born too soon [2013]
  • Reproductive Sciences
    • Prevention of Preterm Birth by Cervical Pessary Combined with Vaginal Progesterone: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis with Trial Sequential Analysis [2023]
  • Scientific Reports
    • The vaginal microbiome and the risk of preterm birth: a systematic review and network meta-analysis [2022]
    • Mode of delivery and pregnancy outcomes in preterm birth: a secondary analysis of the WHO Global and Multi-country Surveys [2019]
  • Vaccine
    • Preterm birth: Case definition & guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of immunisation safety data [2016]
    • Pathways to preterm birth: Case definition and guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data [2016]
• Iran
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Assessing the risk factors before pregnancy of preterm births in Iran: a population-based case-control study [2019]
  • Global Journal of Health Science
    • Preterm Delivery and Psycho–Social Determinants of Health Based on World Health Organization Model in Iran: A Narrative Review [2013]
  • Journal of Caring Sciences
    • Investigating the Prevalence of Preterm Birth in Iranian Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [2017]
• Japan
  • Scientific Reports
    • Association between gestational age at threatened preterm birth diagnosis and incidence of preterm birth: the Japan Environment and Children's Study [2023]
• Kenya, Uganda
  • Journal of Global Health
    • Effect of a quality improvement intervention for management of preterm births on outcomes of all births in Kenya and Uganda: A secondary analysis from a facility-based cluster randomized trial [2022]
• Low and middle income countries
  • Reproductive Health
    • Rates and risk factors for preterm birth and low birthweight in the global network sites in six low- and low middle-income countries [2020]
  • Science Advances
    • Multiomic signals associated with maternal epidemiological factors contributing to preterm birth in low- and middle-income countries [2023]
• Malaysia
  • Ministry of Health Malaysia
    • Guidelines on Prevention and Management of Preterm Birth [2023]
• Middle-income countries
  • BMC Pediatrics
    • Comparative efficacy of transdermal nitroglycerin and oral nifedipine in managing preterm labor: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials [2025]
• Nepal
  • Archives of Public Health
    • Incidence, risk factors and consequences of preterm birth – findings from a multi-centric observational study for 14 months in Nepal [2020]
  • BMJ Open
    • Prevalence and predictors of spontaneous preterm births in Nepal: findings from a prospective, population-based pregnancy cohort in rural Nepal-a secondary data analysis [2022]
• Netherlands
  • European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
    • The impact of cut-off values on the prevalence of short cervical length in pregnancy [2024]
    • Deprived neighborhoods and spontaneous preterm birth: A national cohort study [2022]
• New Zealand
  • Health New Zealand
    • Preterm Birth Clinic Overview and Referral Guidelines [2022]
  • Starship
    • New Zealand Consensus Statement on the care of mother and baby(ies) at periviable gestations
• Norway
  • BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
    • Different pathways for preterm birth between singleton and twin pregnancies: a population-based registry study of 481 176 nulliparous women [2023]
  • BMJ
    • Term complications and subsequent risk of preterm birth: registry based study [2020]
  • International Journal of Epidemiology
    • Season and preterm birth in Norway: A cautionary tale [2015]
  • Scandinavian Journal of Public Health
    • Association between maternal country of birth and preterm birth: A population-based register study of 910,752 deliveries [2021]
• Poland
  • Ginekologia Polska
    • Short cervix in twin pregnancies: current state of knowledge and the proposed scheme of treatment [2017]
• Portugal
  • Acta Médica Portuguesa
    • Prevalence of Late Preterm and Early Term Birth in Portugal [2016]
• Puerto Rico
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Associations between gestational weight gain and preterm birth in Puerto Rico [2020]
• Qatar
  • Acta Biomedica
    • Socioeconomic Risk Factors for Preterm Birth in the state of Qatar: A Population-based Study [2021]
• Republic of Korea
  • Obstetrics & Gynecology Science
    • Practice patterns in the management of threatened preterm labor in Korea: A multicenter retrospective study [2015]
• Rwanda
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Maternal, obstetric and gynecological factors associated with preterm birth in Rwanda: findings from a national longitudinal study [2023]
• Slovenia
  • Medical Science Monitor
    • Comparison of Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality Following Spontaneous and Medically Indicated Preterm Births: A Retrospective Population-Based Study Using Data from the Slovenian National Perinatal Information System 2013-2018 [2023]
• Sri Lanka
  • Sri Lanka College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists
    • Cervical Cerclage [2023]
• Sub-Saharan Africa
  • Global Health: Science and Practice
    • Evaluating WHO-Recommended Interventions for Preterm Birth: A Mathematical Model of the Potential Reduction of Preterm Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa [2019]
  • International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
    • A Scoping Review of Preterm Births in Sub-Saharan Africa: Burden, Risk Factors and Outcomes [2022]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Determinants of preterm birth among reproductive age women in sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from the most recent Demographic and Health Survey data-2019-2022 [2024]
• Sweden
  • PLoS ONE
    • Preterm disparities between foreign and Swedish born mothers depend on the method used to estimate gestational age. A Swedish population-based register study [2021]
  • Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology
    • Cost-effectiveness of cervical length screening and progesterone treatment to prevent spontaneous preterm delivery in Sweden [2022]
• Taiwan
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • The epidemiologic characteristics and associated risk factors of preterm birth from 2004 to 2013 in Taiwan [2020]
  • Frontiers in Public Health
    • Comparison of the use of prenatal care services and the risk of preterm birth between pregnant women with disabilities and those without disabilities: A nationwide cohort study [2023]
  • Medicine
    • The trends and associated factors of preterm deliveries from 2001 to 2011 in Taiwan [2019]
• United Kingdom
  • BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
    • The influence of the introduction of national guidelines on preterm birth prevention practice: UK experience [2018]
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • How are hospitals in England caring for women at risk of preterm birth in 2021? The influence of national guidance on preterm birth care in England: a national questionnaire [2023]
  • Health Technology Assessment
    • A prognostic model, including quantitative fetal fibronectin, to predict preterm labour: the QUIDS meta-analysis and prospective cohort study [2021]
    • Three biomarker tests to help diagnose preterm labour: a systematic review and economic evaluation [2019]
    • Does progesterone prophylaxis to prevent preterm labour improve outcome? A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial (OPPTIMUM) [2018]
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
    • Preterm labour and birth [2022]
    • 2022 exceptional surveillance of preterm labour and birth (NICE guideline NG25) [2022]
    • Preterm labour and birth (Quality standard) [2019]
    • Biomarker tests to help diagnose preterm labour in women with intact membranes [2018]
  • NHS England
    • Preterm birth guideline [2025]
  • Obstetrician & Gynaecologist
    • Spontaneous preterm birth prevention in multiple pregnancy [2018]
  • UK National Screening Committee
    • Preterm birth
  • WISDOM
    • Preterm Birth Guidance [2024]
• United States
  • AJP Reports
    • Understanding if, How, and Why Women with Prior Spontaneous Preterm Births are Treated with Progestogens: A National Survey of Obstetrician Practice Patterns [2018]
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
    • Updated Clinical Guidance for the Use of Progesterone Supplementation for the Prevention of Recurrent Preterm Birth [2023]
    • Practice Bulletin No. 171: Management of Preterm Labor [2016]
  • American College of Radiology
    • Assessment of Gravid Cervix
  • American Family Physician
    • Preterm Labor: Prevention and Management [2017]
  • American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
    • Should case management be considered a component of obstetrical interventions for pregnancies at risk of preterm birth? [2023]
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    • Factors associated with infant sex and preterm birth status for selected birth defects from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2011 [2024]
    • Exploring the Decline in the Singleton Preterm Birth Rate in the United States, 2019-2020 [2021]
    • Effects of Maternal Age and Age-Specific Preterm Birth Rates on Overall Preterm Birth Rates — United States, 2007 and 2014 [2016]
    • CDC Grand Rounds: Public Health Strategies to Prevent Preterm Birth [2016]
  • Early Human Development 
    • The 2016 presidential election and periviable births among Latina women [2020]
  • JAMA Health Forum
    • Association Between Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines and Preterm Delivery Among Females Aged 18 to 24 Years [2023]
  • Journal of Perinatal Medicine
    • Vaginal progesterone for the prevention of preterm birth: who can benefit and who cannot? Evidence-based recommendations for clinical use [2022]
  • Journal of Perinatology
    • Temporal trends in preterm birth phenotypes by plurality: Black–White disparity over half a century [2021]
    • The impact of changes in preterm birth among twins on stillbirth and infant mortality in the United States [2014]
  • National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
    • Cervical length distribution and other sonographic ancillary findings of singleton nulliparous patients at midgestation [2021]
    • Adverse Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes in Indicated Compared with Spontaneous Preterm Birth in Healthy Nulliparas: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Trial [2018]
    • What we have learned about the role of 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate in the prevention of preterm birth [2016]
    • Serious maternal complications after early preterm delivery (24-33 weeks' gestation) [2015]
    • Preterm Labor and Birth
  • Nutrition Reviews
    • Magnesium levels in relation to rates of preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis of ecological, observational, and interventional studies [2021]
  • Obstetrics & Gynecology
    • Association of Antenatal Corticosteroids and Magnesium Sulfate Therapy With Neurodevelopmental Outcome in Extremely Preterm Infants [2020]
  • Seminars in Perinatology
    • Preterm birth lifetime costs in the United States in 2016: An update [2021]
  • Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine
    • SMFM Consult Series #70: Management of short cervix in individuals without a history of spontaneous preterm birth [2024]
    • Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #65: Transabdominal cerclage [2023]
    • SMFM Special Statement: Response to the Food and Drug Administration’s withdrawal of 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate [2023]
    • Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #50: The role of activity restriction in obstetric management [2020]
    • SMFM Statement: Use of 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate for prevention of recurrent preterm birth [2020]
    • The role of cervical pessary placement to prevent preterm birth in clinical practice [2017]
    • The choice of progestogen for the prevention of preterm birth in women with singleton pregnancy and prior preterm birth [2017]
    • The role of routine cervical length screening in selected high- and low-risk women for preterm birth prevention [2016]
    • Progesterone and preterm birth prevention: translating clinical trials data into clinical practice [2012]
  • StatPearls
    • Tocolysis
• WHO
  • World Health Organization
    • Target product profile for drugs to prevent spontaneous preterm birth [2023]
    • Target product profile for drugs to manage preterm labour [2023]
    • Born too soon: decade of action on preterm birth [2023]
    • WHO recommendation on tocolytic therapy for improving preterm birth outcomes [2022]
    • Global, regional and national levels and trends of preterm birth rates for 1990 to 2014: protocol for development of World Health Organization estimates [2016]
    • WHO recommendations on interventions to improve preterm birth outcomes [2015]
    • Risk factors for spontaneous and provider-initiated preterm delivery in high and low Human Development Index countries: a secondary analysis of the World Health Organization Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health [2014]
    • Born too soon: the global action report on preterm birth [2012]
    • Preterm birth: Fact sheet
• {Related topics}
  • Topic
    • Premature rupture of membranes
    • Premature infants, low birth weight, small for gestational age
    • Newborn respiratory tract diseases
    • Miscarriage
    • Maternal and neonatal infections
    • Labor, delivery
    • Fetal maturation, antenatal corticosteroids

Premature rupture of membranes

• Australia
  • Queensland Health
    • Term prelabour rupture of membranes (guideline supplement)
    • Term prelabour rupture of membranes
    • Preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (guideline supplement)
    • Preterm prelabour rupture of membranes
  • SA Health
    • Preterm Prelabour Rupture of the Membranes
    • Prelabour Rupture of the Membranes (PROM) greater than 37 weeks
• Australia, New Zealand
  • Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
    • Term Prelabour Rupture of Membranes (Term PROM) [2021]
• Canada
  • Association of Ontario Midwives
    • Management of Prelabour Rupture of Membranes at Term [2019]
  • Perinatal Services BC
    • Term Pre-Labour Rupture of Membranes (PROM)
    • Preterm Pre-Labour Rupture of Membranes (PPROM)
  • Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
    • Diagnosis and management of preterm prelabour rupture of membranes [2022]
    • Antibiotic Therapy in Preterm Premature Rupture of the Membranes [2017]
• Ethiopia
  • BMC Research Notes
    • High proportions of obstetric referrals in Addis Ababa: the case of term premature rupture of membranes [2016]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Determinants of preterm prelabor rupture of fetal membrane among pregnant women in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]
  • SAGE Open Medicine
    • Prevalence of premature rupture of membrane and its associated factors among pregnant women in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2021]
• Europe
  • Scientific Reports
    • Unit policies regarding tocolysis after preterm premature rupture of membranes: association with latency, neonatal and 2-year outcomes (EPICE cohort) [2020]
• France
  • Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
    • Maternal mortality in women with pre-viable premature rupture of membranes: An analysis from the French confidential enquiry into maternal deaths [2022]
• International
  • Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
    • Outpatient vs inpatient management of preterm prelabor rupture of membranes: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]
  • American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM
    • Outcome of prelabor rupture of membranes before or at the limit of viability: systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]
    • Efficacy of prophylactic antibiotics for preterm premature rupture of membranes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis [2023]
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Systematic review on the management of term prelabour rupture of membranes [2023]
  • Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
    • Planned early birth versus expectant management for women with preterm prelabour rupture of membranes prior to 37 weeks' gestation for improving pregnancy outcome [2017]
    • Planned early birth versus expectant management (waiting) for prelabour rupture of membranes at term (37 weeks or more) [2017]
  • Diagnostics
    • The Management of Pregnancy Complicated with the Previable Preterm and Preterm Premature Rupture of the Membranes: What about a Limit of Neonatal Viability?-A Review [2022]
  • Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
    • The safety, acceptability, and success rates of amniocentesis in the context of preterm prelabor rupture of membranes and threatened preterm labor: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2024]
  • Médecins Sans Frontières
    • Premature rupture of membranes [2019]
• Middle East
  • Middle-East OBGYN Graduate Education Foundation
    • Middle-East OBGYN Graduate Education (MOGGE) Foundation Practice Guidelines: Prelabor rupture of membranes; Practice guideline No. 01-O-19 [2020]
• Netherlands
  • American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
    • Childhood outcomes after induction of labor or expectant management for preterm prelabor rupture of membranes: a 10-year follow-up of the PPROMEXIL trials [2023]
• Republic of Korea
  • Journal of Korean Medical Science
    • Neonatal Outcomes according to the Latent Period from Membrane Rupture to Delivery among Extremely Preterm Infants Exposed to Preterm Premature Rupture of Membrane: a Nationwide Cohort Study [2021]
  • Obstetrics & Gynecology Science
    • Questionnaire survey on the management of pregnant women with preterm premature rupture of membranes [2020]
• Sri Lanka
  • Sri Lanka College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists
    • Pre-labour rupture of membranes [2022]
• United Kingdom
  • BMJ Medicine
    • Preterm prelabour rupture of membranes before 23 weeks' gestation: prospective observational study [2024]
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
    • Evidence reviews for initial assessment of women reporting prelabour rupture of membranes [2023]
  • NHS England
    • Diagnosis and management of preterm prelabour rupture of membranes [2024]
    • Pre-Labour Spontaneous Rupture of Membranes (SROM) at Term (>37 weeks) Guideline [2023]
  • Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
    • Care of Women Presenting with Suspected Preterm Prelabour Rupture of Membranes from 24+0 Weeks of Gestation [2019]
• United States
  • National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
    • Outcomes in Twins Compared With Singletons Subsequent to Preterm Prelabor Rupture of Membranes [2021]
    • Length of latency with preterm premature rupture of membranes before 32 weeks' gestation [2015]
  • Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine
    • Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #71: Management of previable and periviable preterm prelabor rupture of membranes [2024]
• {Related topics}
  • Topic
    • Premature labor, preterm delivery
    • Labor, delivery

Shoulder dystocia

• Australia
  • SA Health
    • Shoulder Dystocia
• Brazil
  • Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia
    • Management of shoulder dystocia [2022]
• Canada
  • Perinatal Services BC
    • Shoulder Dystocia
• Finland
  • Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
    • Rising trends in the incidence of shoulder dystocia and development of a novel shoulder dystocia risk score tool: a nationwide population-based study of 800 484 Finnish deliveries [2021]
• International
  • European Journal of Midwifery
    • Overview of techniques to manage shoulder dystocia during vaginal birth [2021]
  • Médecins Sans Frontières
    • Shoulder dystocia [2019]
• Ireland
  • Ireland's Health Services
    • Guideline for the Management of Shoulder Dystocia [2018]
• Malaysia
  • Medical Journal of Malaysia
    • Training and testing of integrated professional skills in management of shoulder dystocia among Malaysian Health Care Providers [2025]
• Netherlands
  • Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
    • Shoulder dystocia in primary midwifery care in the Netherlands [2016]
• New Zealand
  • Health New Zealand
    • Shoulder Dystocia [2023]
• Norway
  • Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
    • Risk of shoulder dystocia: associations with parity and offspring birthweight. A population study of 1 914 544 deliveries [2012]
• Sri Lanka
  • Sri Lanka College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists
    • Shoulder dystocia [2021]
• Sweden
  • Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
    • Increased incidence of shoulder dystocia but a declining incidence of obstetric brachial plexus palsy in vaginally delivered infants [2023]
• United Kingdom
  • Right Decisions
    • Shoulder Dystocia
  • Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
    • Shoulder dystocia [2012]
  • WISDOM
    • Guideline for the Management of Shoulder Dystocia [2024]
• United States
  • American Family Physician
    • Shoulder Dystocia: Managing an Obstetric Emergency [2020]
  • Obstetrics & Gynecology
    • A Comparison of Obstetric Maneuvers for the Acute Management of Shoulder Dystocia [2011]
• {Related topics}
  • Topic
    • Labor, delivery
    • Dystocia

Third stage of labor

• Australia
  • SA Health
    • Uterine Inversion
• Canada
  • Canadian Neonatal Network
    • Association of Deferred vs Immediate Cord Clamping With Severe Neurological Injury and Survival in Extremely Low-Gestational-Age Neonates [2019]
  • Perinatal Services BC
    • Deferred Cord Clamping
  • Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
    • Umbilical Cord Management in Preterm and Term Infants [2022]
• East Africa
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Practices and factors associated with active management of the third stage of labor in East Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]
• Ethiopia
  • PLoS ONE
    • Active management of the third stage of labour in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]
• Europe
  • European Standards of Care for Newborn Health
    • Cord management at the delivery of term infants
    • Cord management at the delivery of preterm infants
• International
  • American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
    • Third stage of labor: evidence-based practice for prevention of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes [2024]
  • Birth
    • Integrated review of the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of maternity health care professionals concerning umbilical cord clamping [2022]
  • Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
    • Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at preterm birth on maternal and infant outcomes [2019]
  • International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
    • FIGO good practice recommendations on delayed umbilical cord clamping [2021]
  • International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation
    • Umbilical Cord Management for Newborns <34 Weeks' Gestation: A Meta-analysis [2021]
    • Umbilical Cord Management at Term and Late Preterm Birth: A Meta-analysis [2021]
  • Médecins Sans Frontières
    • Third stage of labour [2019]
  • Pediatrics
    • Guidelines on Deferred Cord Clamping and Cord Milking: A Systematic Review [2020]
• Norway
  • Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
    • Isolated single umbilical artery and the risk of adverse perinatal outcome and third stage of labor complications: A population-based study [2020]
• Saudi Arabia
  • Annals of Saudi Medicine
    • Current umbilical cord clamping practices and attitudes of obstetricians and midwives toward delayed cord clamping in Saudi Arabia [2017]
• Spain
  • Journal of Clinical Medicine
    • Variability of Clinical Practice in the Third Stage of Labour in Spain [2019]
• Sri Lanka
  • Sri Lanka College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists
    • Management of Acute Puerperal Inversion of the Uterus [2014]
• Sub-Saharan Africa
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Midwives' experiences with implementation of active management of third stage of labor in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review [2025]
• Sweden
  • European Journal of Midwifery
    • Umbilical cord clamping and management of the third stage of labor: A telephone-survey describing Swedish midwives' clinical practice [2022]
• United Kingdom
  • Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition
    • Barriers to deferred cord clamping in preterm infants [2014]
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
    • Evidence reviews for active and physiological management of the third stage [2023]
  • Right Decisions
    • Delayed Cord Clamping (DCC) WoS MCN, Obstetrics
  • Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
    • Clamping of the Umbilical Cord and Placental Transfusion [2015]
  • WISDOM
    • Guideline for the Management of Third Stage labour [2024]
• United States
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
    • Delayed Umbilical Cord Clamping After Birth [2020]
  • Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health
    • Is it time to rethink cord management when resuscitation is needed? [2015]
  • National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
    • Umbilical Cord Milking vs Delayed Cord Clamping and Associations with In-Hospital Outcomes among Extremely Premature Infants [2021]
  • Obstetrics & Gynecology
    • Prevalence of Delayed Cord Clamping Among U.S. Hospitals by Facility Characteristics [2021]
• WHO
  • World Health Organization
    • Guideline: delayed umbilical cord clamping for improved maternal and infant health and nutrition outcomes [2014]
• {Related topics}
  • Topic
    • Postpartum hemorrhage
    • Labor, delivery

Vaginal birth after cesarean

• Australia
  • Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
    • Women having their second birth vaginally whose first birth was by caesarean section
  • Better Safer Care
    • Birth after caesarean
  • Queensland Health
    • Vaginal birth after caesarean (VBAC)
  • SA Health
    • Birth after Caesarean Section
• Australia, New Zealand
  • Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
    • Birth after previous caesarean section [2019]
• Austria
  • Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde
    • Labour and Childbirth After Previous Caesarean Section: Recommendations of the Austrian Society of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (OEGGG) [2016]
• Brazil
  • Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira
    • Birth route in case of cesarean section in a previous pregnancy [2015]
• Canada
  • Association of Ontario Midwives
    • Vaginal Birth After Previous Low-Segment Caesarean Section [2021]
  • Perinatal Services BC
    • Birth After Cesarean
  • Public Health Agency of Canada
    • Mode of delivery after a previous cesarean birth, and associated maternal and neonatal morbidity [2018]
  • Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
    • Trial of Labour After Caesarean [2019]
    • Guidelines for Vaginal Birth After Previous Caesarean Birth [2018]
• China
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Obstetricians’ perspectives on trial of labor after cesarean (TOLAC) under the two-child policy in China: a cross-sectional study [2021]
• Ethiopia
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Predictors of successful vaginal birth after a cesarean section in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]
  • Scientific Reports
    • Vaginal birth after cesarean section and its associated factors in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis [2023]
• Finland
  • Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics
    • The rates of vaginal births after cesarean section have increased during the last decades: a nationwide register-based cohort study in Finland [2023]
  • European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
    • Use of labor analgesia in trials of labor after previous cesarean section: A nationwide register-based analysis in Finland [2023]
  • Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
    • Delivery mode and fetal outcome in attempted vaginal deliveries after previous cesarean section: a nationwide register-based cohort study in Finland [2023]
• Germany
  • Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde
    • Misoprostol for Labour Induction after Previous Caesarean Section – Forever a “No Go”? [2015]
  • GMS German Medical Science
    • Impact of caesarean section on mode of delivery, pregnancy-induced and pregnancy-associated disorders, and complications in the subsequent pregnancy in Germany [2016]
• High-income countries
  • Frontiers in Medicine
    • Planned mode of birth after previous cesarean section: A structured review of the evidence on the associated outcomes for women and their children in high-income setting [2022]
• India
  • Federation of Obstetric and Gynecological Societies of India
    • Birth after Cesarean Section [2024]
• International
  • International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
    • FIGO good practice recommendations for cesarean delivery: Prep-for-Labor triage to minimize risks and maximize favorable outcomes [2023]
• Ireland
  • Ireland's Health Services
    • Vaginal Birth after Caesarean Section [2023]
• Italy
  • BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
    • Vaginal birth after caesarean birth in Italy: variations among areas of residence and hospitals [2018]
• Taiwan
  • Journal of Clinical Medicine
    • Vaginal Birth after Cesarean Section in Taiwan: A Population-Based Study [2019]
  • Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management
    • The determinants of obstetricians’ willingness to undertake delivery by vaginal birth after cesarean section in Taiwan [2019]
• United Kingdom
  • NHS England
    • Vaginal Birth After Caesarean Section Guideline [2019]
  • Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
    • Birth after Previous Caesarean Birth [2015]
• United States
  • Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
    • Vaginal Birth After Cesarean: New Insights [2010]
  • AJOG Global Reports
    • Recent trends in term trial of labor after cesarean by number of prior cesarean deliveries [2023]
  • American Academy of Family Physicians
    • Planning for Labor and Vaginal Birth After Cesarean Delivery: Guidelines from the AAFP [2015]
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
    • Counseling Regarding Approach to Delivery After Cesarean and the Use of a Vaginal Birth After Cesarean Calculator [2021]
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    • Recent Trends in Vaginal Birth After Cesarean Delivery: United States, 2016-2018 [2020]
    • Maternal Morbidity for Vaginal and Cesarean Deliveries, According to Previous Cesarean History: New Data From the Birth Certificate, 2013 [2015]
  • Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health
    • Women’s Perceptions of Barriers and Facilitators to Vaginal Birth After Cesarean in the United States: An Integrative Review [2020]
    • Limitations of Vaginal Birth After Cesarean Success Prediction [2018]
  • National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
    • Prediction of vaginal birth after cesarean delivery in term gestations: a calculator without race and ethnicity [2021]
    • What We Have Learned About Trial of Labor After Cesarean Delivery from the Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Cesarean Registry [2016]
    • Lifetime cost-effectiveness of trial of labor after cesarean in the United States [2013]
    • The change in the rate of vaginal birth after caesarean section [2011]
  • PLoS ONE
    • Inequities in quality perinatal care in the United States during pregnancy and birth after cesarean [2022]
• {Related topics}
  • Topic
    • Labor, delivery
    • Cesarean section